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CardiovascularICD-10: I82.40Affects approximately 900,000 people annually in the U.S.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Also known as: DVT, Deep Venous Thrombosis, Leg Clot

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. It is a serious condition because the clot can break loose and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. DVT often develops after periods of prolonged immobility such as surgery, hospitalization, or long-distance travel, and requires prompt anticoagulant treatment.

Symptoms

Swelling in one leg (rarely both)
Pain or tenderness in the leg, often starting in the calf
Red or discolored skin on the affected leg
Warmth in the swollen or painful area
Leg fatigue or heaviness
Visible surface veins
Some DVTs are asymptomatic

Causes

  • Blood clot formation in a deep vein due to Virchow's triad: stasis, vessel wall damage, hypercoagulability
  • Prolonged immobility (post-surgery, long flights, bed rest)
  • Injury to a vein from trauma or surgery
  • Inherited or acquired clotting disorders

Risk Factors

  • Recent surgery, especially orthopedic procedures
  • Prolonged immobility or bed rest
  • Cancer and cancer treatment
  • Pregnancy and the postpartum period
  • Oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy
  • Obesity and smoking

Diagnosis

  • Compression ultrasound of the affected leg (primary diagnostic test)
  • D-dimer blood test (sensitive but not specific)
  • CT venography for pelvic or abdominal vein clots
  • MRI venography in select cases
  • Wells score for clinical probability assessment

Treatment

  • Anticoagulant therapy (heparin followed by warfarin or DOACs)
  • Direct oral anticoagulants (rivaroxaban, apixaban) as first-line
  • Thrombolytic therapy for massive or limb-threatening DVT
  • Compression stockings to reduce swelling and prevent post-thrombotic syndrome
  • IVC filter for patients who cannot tolerate anticoagulation
  • Early ambulation when medically appropriate

Prevention

  • Move and stretch legs regularly during long trips
  • Get up and walk as soon as possible after surgery
  • Wear compression stockings if prescribed
  • Take blood-thinning medication as directed after surgery
  • Stay hydrated and maintain a healthy weight

When to See a Doctor

  • You develop sudden leg swelling, pain, or redness
  • You have sudden shortness of breath or chest pain—call 911 (possible PE)
  • You have risk factors and notice leg symptoms after surgery or travel
  • You have a history of DVT and develop new symptoms

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Blood Clots

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Atrial Fibrillation

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Coronary Artery Disease

Cardiovascular

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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