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InfectiousICD-10: A08.0Before vaccination, caused ~500,000 deaths annually in children under 5 worldwide; dramatically reduced in countries with vaccination programs

Rotavirus Infection

Also known as: Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus that is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Before the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, nearly every child contracted rotavirus by age 5. The virus causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis), leading to severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration that can be life-threatening, particularly in developing countries.

Symptoms

Severe, watery diarrhea (often lasting 3–8 days)
Vomiting (usually starts before diarrhea)
Fever
Abdominal pain and cramping
Loss of appetite
Dehydration (dry mouth, decreased urination, lethargy, sunken eyes)

Causes

  • Rotavirus (Reoviridae family)
  • Fecal-oral transmission through contaminated hands, surfaces, or objects
  • Highly contagious — very small viral dose can cause infection

Risk Factors

  • Children under 5, especially 6–24 months
  • Unvaccinated infants and children
  • Child care and group settings
  • Immunocompromised individuals
  • Travel to areas with limited access to clean water

Diagnosis

  • Rapid antigen detection in stool (immunoassay)
  • RT-PCR of stool sample (most sensitive)
  • Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and age group during peak season

Treatment

  • Oral rehydration solution (ORS) — cornerstone of treatment
  • Intravenous fluids for severe dehydration
  • Continued breastfeeding for nursing infants
  • Zinc supplementation (WHO recommendation for children in developing countries)
  • No antiviral medication available
  • Gradual reintroduction of normal diet

Prevention

  • Rotavirus vaccination (RotaTeq or Rotarix) — given orally starting at 2 months of age
  • Thorough handwashing with soap and water
  • Disinfection of contaminated surfaces
  • Safe water and sanitation practices

When to See a Doctor

  • Signs of dehydration in a child (no tears, dry mouth, decreased wet diapers, sunken fontanelle)
  • Diarrhea lasting more than a few days
  • High fever (>102°F / 39°C) with diarrhea in a young child
  • Blood in the stool or refusal to drink fluids

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Norovirus Infection

Infectious

Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu)

Digestive

Nausea and Vomiting

Digestive

Food Poisoning

Infectious

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.