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CancerICD-10: C53.9About 13,800 new cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.

Cervical Cancer

Also known as: Cancer of the Cervix

Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Nearly all cases are caused by persistent infection with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer is highly preventable through HPV vaccination and regular screening (Pap smears and HPV tests), and is curable when detected at an early stage.

Symptoms

Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse, or post-menopause)
Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and foul-smelling
Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
Increased urinary frequency
Often asymptomatic in early stages
Leg swelling or back pain in advanced disease

Causes

  • Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (especially HPV 16 and 18)
  • HPV-induced cellular changes leading to precancerous lesions
  • Progression of untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Risk Factors

  • HPV infection (present in 99% of cervical cancers)
  • Smoking
  • Weakened immune system (HIV, immunosuppressive drugs)
  • Long-term use of oral contraceptives (over 5 years)
  • Multiple sexual partners
  • Early sexual activity

Diagnosis

  • Pap smear (cervical cytology) to detect abnormal cells
  • HPV DNA testing
  • Colposcopy with biopsy of suspicious areas
  • Cone biopsy (conization) for further evaluation
  • Imaging (CT, MRI, PET) for staging advanced disease

Treatment

  • Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for precancerous lesions
  • Cone biopsy for early-stage cancer
  • Radical hysterectomy with lymph node dissection
  • Radiation therapy (external beam and brachytherapy)
  • Cisplatin-based chemotherapy concurrent with radiation
  • Immunotherapy (pembrolizumab) for advanced or recurrent disease

Prevention

  • Get the HPV vaccine (recommended for ages 9-26, available up to 45)
  • Get regular Pap smears starting at age 21
  • Practice safe sex with barrier methods
  • Don't smoke or quit if you currently smoke
  • Follow up on abnormal screening results promptly

When to See a Doctor

  • You experience abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
  • You have pelvic pain not related to your menstrual cycle
  • You are due for or have never had a Pap smear
  • You received abnormal Pap or HPV test results

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Breast Cancer

Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Cancer

Chlamydia

Infectious

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.