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CancerICD-10: C50.919About 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime

Breast Cancer

Also known as: Mammary Carcinoma

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, developing when cells in the breast grow uncontrollably to form a tumor. It can occur in both women and men, though male breast cancer is rare. Early detection through regular screening mammograms significantly improves survival rates, with a five-year relative survival rate above 90% when caught at an early stage.

Symptoms

A new lump or mass in the breast or underarm
Change in the size, shape, or appearance of the breast
Dimpling, puckering, or thickening of breast skin
Nipple retraction (turning inward)
Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood
Redness, scaling, or flaking of the nipple or breast skin
Pain in any area of the breast (though many breast cancers are painless)

Causes

  • Genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2, and others)
  • Hormonal factors (prolonged estrogen exposure)
  • Accumulation of DNA damage in breast cells over time
  • Family history of breast or ovarian cancer

Risk Factors

  • Female sex (99% of cases)
  • Increasing age (most diagnoses occur after age 50)
  • BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations
  • Family history of breast cancer
  • Early menstruation or late menopause
  • Obesity after menopause

Diagnosis

  • Screening mammography (annual or biennial starting at age 40-50)
  • Diagnostic mammography and breast ultrasound
  • Breast MRI for high-risk individuals
  • Core needle biopsy for tissue diagnosis
  • Hormone receptor and HER2 status testing on biopsy tissue

Treatment

  • Lumpectomy (breast-conserving surgery) or mastectomy
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy (neoadjuvant or adjuvant)
  • Hormone therapy (tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors) for hormone-receptor-positive cancer
  • HER2-targeted therapy (trastuzumab, pertuzumab)
  • Immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer

Prevention

  • Get regular screening mammograms as recommended by your doctor
  • Maintain a healthy weight, especially after menopause
  • Engage in regular physical activity (150+ minutes per week)
  • Limit alcohol consumption
  • Consider genetic counseling if you have a strong family history

When to See a Doctor

  • You find a new lump in your breast or armpit
  • You notice changes in breast size, shape, or skin texture
  • You have bloody or unusual nipple discharge
  • You have a family history of breast cancer and want to discuss screening

Frequently Asked Questions

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.