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CancerICD-10: C67.9Approximately 83,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.

Bladder Cancer

Also known as: Urothelial Carcinoma, Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Bladder cancer is a common cancer that begins in the urothelial cells lining the inside of the bladder. It is highly treatable when caught early, with a five-year survival rate exceeding 95% for non-invasive tumors. Smoking is the single greatest risk factor, and blood in the urine is often the first warning sign.

Symptoms

Blood in the urine (hematuria), which may appear pink, red, or cola-colored
Frequent urination
Painful urination (dysuria)
Urgency to urinate even when the bladder is not full
Pelvic or back pain in advanced disease
Unexplained weight loss

Causes

  • Chronic exposure to carcinogens excreted through the urinary system
  • Genetic mutations in urothelial cells
  • Chronic bladder inflammation or recurrent urinary infections
  • Exposure to industrial chemicals (aromatic amines, arsenic)

Risk Factors

  • Smoking (accounts for about half of all cases)
  • Occupational exposure to chemicals (dye, rubber, leather workers)
  • Age over 55
  • Male sex (3-4 times more common in men)
  • Prior radiation therapy to the pelvis
  • Chronic bladder infections or prolonged catheter use

Diagnosis

  • Urinalysis and urine cytology
  • Cystoscopy to visualize the bladder lining
  • Biopsy of suspicious tissue during cystoscopy
  • CT urogram or MRI for staging
  • Urine tumor marker tests (NMP22, BTA)

Treatment

  • Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
  • Intravesical BCG immunotherapy for non-invasive tumors
  • Intravesical chemotherapy (mitomycin C)
  • Radical cystectomy (bladder removal) for invasive cancer
  • Systemic chemotherapy (cisplatin-based regimens)
  • Immunotherapy (pembrolizumab, atezolizumab) for advanced disease

Prevention

  • Don't smoke or quit if you currently do
  • Limit exposure to industrial chemicals with proper protective equipment
  • Drink plenty of water throughout the day
  • Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables

When to See a Doctor

  • You notice blood in your urine, even once
  • You experience new, persistent urinary symptoms without an infection
  • You have a history of bladder cancer and develop new symptoms
  • You have risk factors and are concerned about screening

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

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Chronic Kidney Disease

Urological

Breast Cancer

Cancer

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.