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UrologicalICD-10: N18.9Affects approximately 37 million Americans (15% of adults)

Chronic Kidney Disease

Also known as: CKD, Chronic Renal Failure, Chronic Renal Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of kidney function over months or years, eventually leading to the kidneys' inability to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood effectively. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the two leading causes of CKD. Early detection and management of underlying conditions can slow disease progression and delay the need for dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Symptoms

Often asymptomatic in early stages
Fatigue and weakness
Swelling in feet, ankles, or around the eyes (edema)
Decreased urine output or changes in urination frequency
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Muscle cramps, especially at night
Persistent itching
Shortness of breath (fluid buildup in lungs)
Difficulty concentrating

Causes

  • Diabetes (type 1 and type 2)—leading cause
  • High blood pressure (hypertension)—second leading cause
  • Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of kidney filtering units)
  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • Prolonged urinary tract obstruction
  • Recurrent kidney infections

Risk Factors

  • Diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • Heart disease
  • Family history of kidney disease
  • Age over 60
  • African American, Hispanic, or Native American ancestry

Diagnosis

  • Blood test for glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • Urine test for albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)
  • Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels
  • Kidney ultrasound to assess size and structure
  • Kidney biopsy in select cases to determine cause

Treatment

  • Blood pressure control (ACE inhibitors or ARBs preferred)
  • Blood sugar management for diabetic kidney disease
  • SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) to slow CKD progression
  • Dietary modifications (low sodium, low potassium, low phosphorus)
  • Dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal) for end-stage kidney disease
  • Kidney transplantation

Prevention

  • Manage diabetes and blood pressure effectively
  • Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly
  • Avoid overuse of NSAIDs and nephrotoxic medications
  • Stay well hydrated
  • Get regular kidney function tests if at risk

When to See a Doctor

  • You have diabetes or hypertension and haven't had kidney function tested
  • You notice swelling in your legs, ankles, or around your eyes
  • Your urine appears foamy, dark, or bloody
  • You experience persistent fatigue, nausea, or changes in urination

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Type 2 Diabetes

Endocrine

High Cholesterol

Cardiovascular

Anemia

Metabolic

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.