Emphysema
Also known as: Pulmonary Emphysema, COPD-Emphysema
Emphysema is a chronic, progressive lung disease and a major form of COPD in which the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs are damaged and enlarged, reducing the surface area for gas exchange. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause, and the resulting shortness of breath worsens over time. While lung damage is irreversible, treatment can slow progression and improve quality of life.
Symptoms
Causes
- Cigarette smoking (most common cause)
- Long-term exposure to air pollutants, chemical fumes, or dust
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (genetic cause)
- Destruction of alveolar walls by protease enzymes and oxidative stress
Risk Factors
- Current or former cigarette smoking
- Age 40 and older
- Occupational exposure to dust, fumes, or chemicals
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- Secondhand smoke exposure
Diagnosis
- Pulmonary function tests (spirometry) showing irreversible airflow obstruction
- Chest X-ray showing hyperinflated lungs
- High-resolution CT scan for detailed assessment
- Arterial blood gas analysis for advanced disease
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin level testing
Treatment
- Smoking cessation (most important intervention)
- Bronchodilators (short-acting and long-acting inhalers)
- Inhaled corticosteroids for frequent exacerbations
- Pulmonary rehabilitation program
- Supplemental oxygen therapy for advanced disease
- Lung volume reduction surgery or transplant for severe cases
Prevention
- Do not smoke, and quit if you currently smoke
- Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke and air pollutants
- Use protective equipment in occupations with dust or chemical exposure
- Get tested for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency if you have a family history
When to See a Doctor
- Shortness of breath is increasing or interfering with daily activities
- Lips or fingernails turn blue or gray (cyanosis)
- You experience a rapid heartbeat with breathlessness
- Mental alertness decreases during breathing difficulties
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Conditions
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