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CancerICD-10: C15About 21,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.

Esophageal Cancer

Also known as: Cancer of the Esophagus, Oesophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer develops in the lining of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, making early detection and risk factor management critical for improving outcomes.

Symptoms

Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) that worsens over time
Unintentional weight loss
Chest pain, pressure, or burning behind the breastbone
Chronic heartburn or indigestion
Persistent cough or hoarseness
Vomiting or coughing up blood
Loss of appetite

Causes

  • Chronic GERD leading to Barrett's esophagus
  • Tobacco and alcohol use
  • Chronic irritation of the esophageal lining
  • Obesity, particularly abdominal obesity

Risk Factors

  • Barrett's esophagus from long-standing GERD
  • Heavy tobacco use
  • Heavy alcohol consumption
  • Obesity
  • Age over 55
  • Male sex (3-4 times more common in men)

Diagnosis

  • Upper endoscopy (EGD) with biopsy
  • Barium swallow X-ray
  • CT, PET, or endoscopic ultrasound for staging
  • Bronchoscopy if airway involvement is suspected

Treatment

  • Surgical resection (esophagectomy)
  • Chemotherapy combined with radiation (chemoradiation)
  • Radiation therapy
  • Targeted therapy (trastuzumab for HER2-positive tumors)
  • Immunotherapy (pembrolizumab, nivolumab)
  • Endoscopic treatments for early-stage cancers

Prevention

  • Treat GERD and Barrett's esophagus promptly
  • Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables

When to See a Doctor

  • You experience progressive difficulty swallowing
  • Unexplained weight loss occurs alongside digestive symptoms
  • Chronic heartburn is not improving with treatment
  • You are vomiting blood or notice blood in your stool

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Digestive

Gastritis

Digestive

Lung Cancer

Cancer

Liver Cancer

Cancer

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.