Is GERD the same as occasional heartburn?

Occasional heartburn is common and harmless, but GERD is diagnosed when reflux symptoms occur at least twice a week or cause complications. GERD requires ongoing management to prevent esophageal damage.

Can GERD cause cancer?

Chronic GERD can lead to Barrett's esophagus, a precancerous condition that increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Regular monitoring and acid control can reduce this risk.

Do I need to take GERD medication forever?

Some people need long-term medication, while others manage with lifestyle changes alone. Your doctor may try stepping down medication periodically to see if lifestyle measures are sufficient.

DigestiveICD-10: K21.0Affects approximately 20% of the U.S. adult population

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Also known as: GERD, Acid Reflux Disease, Chronic Acid Reflux

GERD is a chronic condition in which stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, irritating its lining. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter weakens or relaxes abnormally. Left untreated, GERD can lead to esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and an increased risk of esophageal cancer.

Symptoms

Burning sensation in the chest (heartburn), especially after eating

Regurgitation of food or sour liquid

Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

Sensation of a lump in the throat

Chronic cough, particularly at night

Laryngitis or hoarseness

Worsening of asthma symptoms

Disrupted sleep from nighttime reflux

Causes

Weakened or dysfunctional lower esophageal sphincter
Hiatal hernia allowing acid to reflux more easily
Delayed stomach emptying (gastroparesis)
Obesity increasing abdominal pressure
Pregnancy-related hormonal and physical changes

Risk Factors

Obesity or overweight
Pregnancy
Hiatal hernia
Smoking
Eating large meals or eating late at night
Certain foods (fatty, spicy, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol)

Diagnosis

Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and response to acid-suppressing therapy
Upper endoscopy to evaluate for esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus
Ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring
Esophageal manometry to assess sphincter function

Treatment

Lifestyle modifications (weight loss, elevating head of bed, dietary changes)
Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole)
H2 receptor blockers (famotidine) for milder symptoms
Antacids for occasional symptom relief
Fundoplication surgery or LINX device for refractory cases

Prevention

Maintain a healthy weight
Avoid eating within 3 hours of bedtime
Elevate the head of your bed 6–8 inches
Avoid trigger foods and beverages
Quit smoking

When to See a Doctor

Heartburn occurs more than twice a week
Symptoms persist despite over-the-counter medications
You experience difficulty swallowing or unintentional weight loss
You develop chest pain (rule out cardiac causes first)

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Esophageal Cancer

Cancer

Gastritis

Digestive

Asthma

Respiratory

Laryngitis

Respiratory

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