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MusculoskeletalICD-10: M51.16Affects approximately 5-20 per 1,000 adults annually

Herniated Disc

Also known as: Slipped Disc, Ruptured Disc, Bulging Disc, Disc Prolapse

A herniated disc occurs when the soft, gel-like center (nucleus pulposus) of a spinal disc pushes through a tear in the tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus), potentially compressing nearby spinal nerves and causing pain, numbness, or weakness. Herniated discs most commonly occur in the lumbar spine (lower back), followed by the cervical spine (neck), and are a leading cause of sciatica and radiculopathy. While many herniated discs improve with conservative treatment over several weeks, some cases require surgical intervention when neurological deficits are severe or progressive.

Symptoms

Sharp, shooting pain in the buttock and down the leg (sciatica) for lumbar herniation
Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected arm or leg
Pain that worsens with coughing, sneezing, or certain movements
Neck pain radiating into the shoulder and arm for cervical herniation
Muscle weakness in the affected limb
Difficulty walking or maintaining balance in severe cases
Loss of bladder or bowel control (cauda equina syndrome—medical emergency)

Causes

  • Age-related disc degeneration reducing disc flexibility and hydration
  • Excessive strain from heavy lifting with improper technique
  • Sudden twisting or bending movements
  • Traumatic injury to the spine from falls or accidents
  • Repetitive spinal stress from occupational or athletic activities

Risk Factors

  • Age between 30 and 50 years (disc degeneration begins)
  • Occupations requiring heavy lifting, bending, or prolonged sitting
  • Obesity placing additional stress on the lumbar spine
  • Sedentary lifestyle with weak core muscles
  • Smoking, which reduces disc blood supply and accelerates degeneration
  • Genetic predisposition to disc degeneration

Diagnosis

  • MRI to visualize the herniated disc and nerve compression
  • Physical and neurological examination testing reflexes, muscle strength, and sensation
  • CT scan or CT myelogram for patients who cannot have MRI
  • Electromyography (EMG) to identify the specific nerves affected

Treatment

  • Physical therapy focusing on core strengthening and flexibility
  • NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) and muscle relaxants for pain management
  • Epidural steroid injections to reduce inflammation around compressed nerves
  • Activity modification and short-term rest (1-2 days, not prolonged bed rest)
  • Microdiscectomy surgery for cases with progressive neurological deficits
  • Spinal decompression therapy and traction

Prevention

  • Maintain a healthy weight to reduce spinal disc stress
  • Use proper lifting techniques: lift with the legs, not the back
  • Strengthen core muscles through regular exercise
  • Practice good posture when sitting and standing
  • Take regular breaks from prolonged sitting to move and stretch
  • Quit smoking to maintain disc health and blood supply

When to See a Doctor

  • Back or neck pain radiates into the arm or leg with numbness or weakness
  • Pain is severe and does not improve with rest and OTC medications after 4-6 weeks
  • You experience loss of bladder or bowel control (emergency—seek immediate care)
  • Progressive weakness in the legs makes it difficult to stand or walk

Frequently Asked Questions

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.