Is obesity a disease or a lifestyle choice?

Major medical organizations including the AMA recognize obesity as a complex, chronic disease influenced by genetics, hormones, environment, and behavior. It is not simply a matter of willpower and requires a comprehensive, medical approach to management.

How effective are the new GLP-1 medications for weight loss?

GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide (Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Zepbound) have shown remarkable efficacy, with average weight loss of 15–21% of body weight in clinical trials. They work by reducing appetite and slowing stomach emptying.

Can you be obese and healthy?

While some people with obesity may initially appear metabolically healthy, long-term studies show that obesity independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and premature death over time, even in the absence of current metabolic abnormalities.

MetabolicICD-10: E66Over 40% of US adults; approximately 650 million adults worldwide

Obesity

Also known as: Morbid Obesity, Clinical Obesity

Obesity is a complex, chronic medical condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, typically defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher. It significantly increases the risk of numerous diseases including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, and sleep apnea. Obesity results from a combination of genetic, behavioral, environmental, and metabolic factors.

Symptoms

BMI of 30 or greater

Excess body fat, particularly around the abdomen

Shortness of breath with minimal exertion

Excessive sweating

Snoring and sleep disturbances

Joint pain due to excess weight

Fatigue and reduced stamina

Skin fold infections and stretch marks

Causes

Chronic caloric surplus (energy intake exceeding expenditure)
Genetic factors affecting appetite regulation and fat storage
Sedentary lifestyle and reduced physical activity
Hormonal imbalances (hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, PCOS)
Certain medications (corticosteroids, antipsychotics, some antidepressants)
Socioeconomic factors limiting access to healthy food

Risk Factors

Family history of obesity
Sedentary occupation and lifestyle
High-calorie, ultra-processed food diet
Lack of sleep
Psychological stress and emotional eating
Low socioeconomic status

Diagnosis

BMI calculation (weight in kg divided by height in meters squared)
Waist circumference measurement (>40 inches in men, >35 inches in women indicates central obesity)
Blood tests (fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid panel, thyroid function)
Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk assessment
Screening for obesity-related complications

Treatment

Dietary modification with caloric deficit and nutritional counseling
Regular physical activity (150+ minutes of moderate exercise per week)
Behavioral therapy and cognitive-behavioral strategies
Anti-obesity medications (semaglutide, tirzepatide, phentermine-topiramate, orlistat)
Bariatric surgery (gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy) for BMI ≥40 or ≥35 with comorbidities
Treatment of underlying hormonal or metabolic conditions

Prevention

Maintain a balanced, nutrient-dense diet
Engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity weekly
Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and ultra-processed foods
Get 7–9 hours of quality sleep per night
Monitor weight regularly and address small gains early

When to See a Doctor

BMI of 30 or higher, or 25+ with obesity-related health issues
Difficulty losing weight despite diet and exercise efforts
Symptoms of obesity-related conditions (joint pain, sleep apnea, diabetes symptoms)
Interest in medical or surgical weight management options

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Sleep Apnea

Respiratory

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Endocrine

Related from the Supplement Library

Berberine

Strong

Compound · Blood sugar regulation comparable to metformin (AMPK activation)

Chromium

Moderate

Mineral · Blood sugar regulation and insulin sensitivity

Omega-3 (EPA/DHA)

Strong

Fatty Acid · Cardiovascular health (TG reduction, anti-arrhythmic)

Green Tea Extract (EGCG)

Strong

Compound · Antioxidant protection (EGCG catechins)

Probiotics (Lactobacillus)

Strong

Probiotic · Gut microbiome balance and diversity

These supplements have been studied in relation to Obesity. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement, especially if you take medications.

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.