Obesity
Also known as: Morbid Obesity, Clinical Obesity
Obesity is a complex, chronic medical condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, typically defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher. It significantly increases the risk of numerous diseases including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, and sleep apnea. Obesity results from a combination of genetic, behavioral, environmental, and metabolic factors.
At a Glance
- Common symptoms
- BMI of 30 or greater, Excess body fat, particularly around the abdomen, Shortness of breath with minimal exertion
- Main treatments
- Dietary modification with caloric deficit and nutritional counseling, Regular physical activity (150+ minutes of moderate exercise per week), Behavioral therapy and cognitive-behavioral strategies
- Category
- Metabolic · Over 40% of US adults; approximately 650 million adults worldwide
- See a doctor if
- BMI of 30 or higher, or 25+ with obesity-related health issues
Symptoms
Causes
- Chronic caloric surplus (energy intake exceeding expenditure)
- Genetic factors affecting appetite regulation and fat storage
- Sedentary lifestyle and reduced physical activity
- Hormonal imbalances (hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, PCOS)
- Certain medications (corticosteroids, antipsychotics, some antidepressants)
- Socioeconomic factors limiting access to healthy food
Risk Factors
- Family history of obesity
- Sedentary occupation and lifestyle
- High-calorie, ultra-processed food diet
- Lack of sleep
- Psychological stress and emotional eating
- Low socioeconomic status
Diagnosis
- BMI calculation (weight in kg divided by height in meters squared)
- Waist circumference measurement (>40 inches in men, >35 inches in women indicates central obesity)
- Blood tests (fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid panel, thyroid function)
- Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk assessment
- Screening for obesity-related complications
Treatment
- Dietary modification with caloric deficit and nutritional counseling
- Regular physical activity (150+ minutes of moderate exercise per week)
- Behavioral therapy and cognitive-behavioral strategies
- Anti-obesity medications (semaglutide, tirzepatide, phentermine-topiramate, orlistat)
- Bariatric surgery (gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy) for BMI ≥40 or ≥35 with comorbidities
- Treatment of underlying hormonal or metabolic conditions
Prevention
- Maintain a balanced, nutrient-dense diet
- Engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity weekly
- Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and ultra-processed foods
- Get 7–9 hours of quality sleep per night
- Monitor weight regularly and address small gains early
When to See a Doctor
- BMI of 30 or higher, or 25+ with obesity-related health issues
- Difficulty losing weight despite diet and exercise efforts
- Symptoms of obesity-related conditions (joint pain, sleep apnea, diabetes symptoms)
- Interest in medical or surgical weight management options
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Conditions
Related from the Supplement Library
Berberine
StrongCompound · Blood sugar regulation comparable to metformin (AMPK activation)
Chromium
ModerateMineral · Blood sugar regulation and insulin sensitivity
Omega-3 (EPA/DHA)
StrongFatty Acid · Cardiovascular health (TG reduction, anti-arrhythmic)
Green Tea Extract (EGCG)
StrongCompound · Antioxidant protection (EGCG catechins)
Probiotics (Lactobacillus)
StrongProbiotic · Gut microbiome balance and diversity
These supplements have been studied in relation to Obesity. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement, especially if you take medications.
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Ask about ObesityMedical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.
Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.