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CancerICD-10: C91-C95About 60,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.

Leukemia

Also known as: Blood Cancer, Cancer of the Blood

Leukemia is a group of cancers that begin in blood-forming cells of the bone marrow, leading to overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. It is classified by speed (acute vs. chronic) and cell type (lymphocytic vs. myeloid). Advances in chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation have dramatically improved survival rates.

Symptoms

Persistent fatigue and weakness
Frequent infections or fevers
Easy bruising and excessive bleeding
Petechiae (tiny red dots on the skin)
Unexplained weight loss and night sweats
Bone or joint pain
Swollen lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
Shortness of breath

Causes

  • Genetic mutations in bone marrow stem cells
  • Chromosomal abnormalities (Philadelphia chromosome in CML)
  • Previous chemotherapy or radiation exposure
  • Certain genetic syndromes (Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia)
  • Exposure to high levels of radiation or benzene

Risk Factors

  • Previous cancer treatment with certain chemo drugs or radiation
  • Genetic disorders (Down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome)
  • Exposure to benzene or radiation
  • Smoking (increases risk of AML)
  • Family history of leukemia

Diagnosis

  • CBC showing abnormal white blood cell counts
  • Peripheral blood smear showing blast cells
  • Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration
  • Flow cytometry and cytogenetic analysis
  • Molecular testing for specific mutations

Treatment

  • Chemotherapy (induction, consolidation, maintenance phases)
  • Targeted therapy (imatinib for CML, FLT3 inhibitors for AML)
  • Immunotherapy and CAR-T cell therapy
  • Allogeneic stem cell transplant for high-risk patients
  • Radiation therapy in specific situations
  • Supportive care (transfusions, antibiotics, growth factors)

When to See a Doctor

  • Persistent unexplained fatigue, fever, or infections
  • Unusual bruising, bleeding, or petechiae
  • Swollen lymph nodes, bone pain, or unexplained weight loss
  • Blood tests show abnormal cell counts

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Metabolic

Lymphoma

Cancer

Lung Cancer

Cancer

Liver Cancer

Cancer

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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