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InfectiousICD-10: B05Approximately 9 million cases and 136,000 deaths globally per year

Measles

Also known as: Rubeola

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus, spread through respiratory droplets and aerosolized particles. It is characterized by a distinctive red rash, high fever, cough, and conjunctivitis. Measles can cause serious complications including pneumonia, encephalitis, and death, particularly in young children.

Symptoms

High fever (often exceeding 104°F / 40°C)
Dry cough
Runny nose (coryza)
Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
Koplik's spots (tiny white spots inside the mouth)
Widespread red, blotchy rash starting on the face
Sensitivity to light
Fatigue and malaise

Causes

  • Measles morbillivirus (paramyxovirus family)
  • Airborne transmission via respiratory droplets
  • Direct contact with nasal or throat secretions

Risk Factors

  • Not vaccinated with MMR vaccine
  • Traveling to regions with low vaccination rates
  • Vitamin A deficiency
  • Immunocompromised individuals
  • Infants too young to be vaccinated

Diagnosis

  • Clinical examination of characteristic rash and Koplik's spots
  • Measles-specific IgM antibody testing
  • Viral culture or PCR from throat or urine sample
  • Complete blood count may show leukopenia

Treatment

  • Supportive care with rest and fluids
  • Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever and pain
  • Vitamin A supplementation (WHO recommendation)
  • Antibiotics only if secondary bacterial infection develops
  • Hospitalization for severe complications

Prevention

  • MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccination
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis with MMR vaccine within 72 hours
  • Immune globulin for exposed immunocompromised individuals
  • Isolation of infected individuals for at least 4 days after rash onset

When to See a Doctor

  • Suspected measles exposure if unvaccinated
  • High fever with spreading rash
  • Difficulty breathing or signs of pneumonia
  • Confusion, seizures, or severe headache suggesting encephalitis

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Mumps

Infectious

Chickenpox

Infectious

Pneumonia

Respiratory

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