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InfectiousICD-10: J02About 12 million outpatient visits per year in the US for sore throat

Pharyngitis

Also known as: Sore Throat, Strep Throat (when bacterial)

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx (back of the throat), resulting in a sore throat that is one of the most common reasons for outpatient medical visits. Most cases are caused by viral infections and resolve on their own, while about 15–30% of cases in children and 5–15% in adults are caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria (strep throat), which requires antibiotic treatment to prevent complications.

Symptoms

Sore, scratchy, or burning throat
Pain that worsens with swallowing
Swollen, red tonsils (may have white patches or pus)
Swollen, tender lymph nodes in the neck
Fever
Headache
Cough (more common with viral pharyngitis)
Runny nose and congestion (suggests viral cause)

Causes

  • Viral infections (rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza, EBV, COVID-19)
  • Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) — strep throat
  • Other bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae)
  • Irritants such as dry air, smoking, or postnasal drip

Risk Factors

  • School-age children (5–15 years old) for strep throat
  • Close contact in schools, daycare, or households
  • Fall and winter season (peak for strep throat)
  • Weakened immune system
  • Exposure to secondhand smoke

Diagnosis

  • Rapid strep antigen test (RADT) for quick results
  • Throat culture (gold standard for Group A Strep detection)
  • Centor or FeverPAIN score to assess likelihood of bacterial pharyngitis
  • Monospot test if mononucleosis is suspected

Treatment

  • Supportive care for viral pharyngitis (rest, fluids, saltwater gargling, lozenges)
  • Penicillin V or amoxicillin for confirmed strep throat (10-day course)
  • Azithromycin for penicillin-allergic patients
  • Acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain and fever
  • Avoiding antibiotics for viral causes to prevent antibiotic resistance

Prevention

  • Frequent handwashing, especially during cold and flu season
  • Avoid sharing utensils, cups, or personal items
  • Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
  • Stay home when symptomatic to prevent spread

When to See a Doctor

  • Sore throat lasting more than a week
  • Difficulty swallowing or breathing
  • High fever (above 101°F / 38.3°C) with sore throat
  • Sore throat with rash, joint pain, or blood in saliva

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Mononucleosis

Infectious

Tonsillitis

Infectious

Influenza

Infectious

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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