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MusculoskeletalICD-10: T14.3Ankle sprains alone account for approximately 2 million injuries annually in the U.S.

Sprains and Strains

Sprains and strains are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries, involving damage to ligaments (sprains) or muscles and tendons (strains). A sprain occurs when a ligament is stretched or torn, most often in the ankle, knee, or wrist, while a strain involves overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon, commonly affecting the lower back and hamstring. Both injuries are graded from mild (Grade I) stretching to severe (Grade III) complete tears.

Symptoms

Pain at the site of injury that worsens with movement
Swelling and bruising around the affected joint or muscle
Limited ability to move the affected area
Popping or tearing sensation at the time of injury (sprains)
Muscle spasms (strains)
Instability or giving way of the affected joint (severe sprains)
Tenderness to the touch

Causes

  • Twisting, falling, or sudden impact to a joint (sprains)
  • Overstretching or overloading a muscle (strains)
  • Lifting heavy objects with improper form
  • Repetitive movements that fatigue muscles and stress ligaments
  • Sudden acceleration or deceleration during physical activity

Risk Factors

  • Participation in sports or vigorous physical activity
  • Poor physical conditioning or flexibility
  • Inadequate warm-up before exercise
  • History of previous sprains or strains (re-injury risk is high)
  • Fatigue, which reduces the protective function of muscles
  • Walking or exercising on uneven or slippery surfaces

Diagnosis

  • Physical examination assessing swelling, tenderness, range of motion, and joint stability
  • X-rays to rule out fractures
  • MRI to evaluate ligament, tendon, or muscle damage in moderate to severe cases
  • Ultrasound for dynamic evaluation of muscle and tendon injuries

Treatment

  • RICE protocol: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation in the first 48-72 hours
  • Over-the-counter pain relievers (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen)
  • Immobilization with a brace, splint, or elastic bandage
  • Physical therapy for rehabilitation and return to function
  • Gradual return to activity with progressive loading
  • Surgical repair for complete ligament or tendon tears (Grade III injuries)

Prevention

  • Warm up before physical activity and cool down afterward
  • Strengthen muscles around joints through regular conditioning
  • Wear appropriate footwear for the activity and surface
  • Use proper technique when lifting, exercising, or playing sports
  • Avoid exercising when fatigued
  • Use tape or bracing for previously injured joints during high-risk activities

When to See a Doctor

  • You cannot bear weight or use the affected limb
  • The area is significantly swollen, deformed, or numb
  • Pain and swelling do not improve after 48-72 hours of home treatment

Frequently Asked Questions

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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