How long does it take to recover from a concussion?

Most people recover from a mild concussion within one to four weeks. However, some individuals experience prolonged symptoms lasting months, known as post-concussion syndrome.

Can repeated concussions cause long-term damage?

Yes, repeated concussions can lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), which causes progressive cognitive decline, mood changes, and behavioral problems. Proper recovery between injuries is essential.

When is it safe to return to sports after a concussion?

Athletes should follow a gradual, step-wise return-to-play protocol under medical supervision. They should be symptom-free at rest and during exercise before returning to full contact activity.

NeurologicalICD-10: S06About 2.8 million TBI-related emergency department visits in the US annually

Traumatic Brain Injury

Also known as: TBI, Head injury, Concussion

Traumatic brain injury occurs when an external force causes damage to the brain, ranging from mild concussions to severe injuries that can result in prolonged unconsciousness or permanent disability. Common causes include falls, vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and violence. The severity of a TBI determines the treatment approach and long-term outlook.

Symptoms

Headache

Confusion or disorientation

Dizziness or loss of balance

Nausea or vomiting

Loss of consciousness

Memory problems around the time of injury

Blurred vision

Sensitivity to light and sound

Mood changes or irritability

Difficulty concentrating

Sleep disturbances

Causes

Falls, especially in older adults and young children
Motor vehicle accidents
Sports and recreational injuries
Violent assaults including domestic violence
Blast injuries in military settings

Risk Factors

Age groups at extremes: young children and adults over 65
Male sex
Participation in high-contact sports
Military service
History of previous concussions
Alcohol or substance use

Diagnosis

Glasgow Coma Scale assessment
CT scan to detect bleeding, bruising, or skull fractures
MRI for detailed brain tissue evaluation
Neuropsychological testing for cognitive function
Intracranial pressure monitoring in severe cases

Treatment

Rest and gradual return to activities for mild TBI
Emergency surgery for bleeding or swelling in the brain
Medications to manage seizures, pain, and intracranial pressure
Rehabilitation including physical, occupational, and speech therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy for emotional and behavioral changes
Long-term supportive care for severe TBI

Prevention

Wearing seat belts and using child car seats
Wearing helmets during sports and cycling
Preventing falls with home safety modifications for older adults
Following concussion protocols in sports

When to See a Doctor

Any loss of consciousness after a head injury
Persistent or worsening headache after head trauma
Repeated vomiting or seizures after a head injury
Confusion, slurred speech, or unequal pupil size

Frequently Asked Questions

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