NeurologicalICD-10: G40Affects about 3.4 million people in the United States

Epilepsy

Also known as: Seizure Disorder

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It affects people of all ages and can range from brief lapses in attention to severe convulsions. With proper treatment, about 70% of people with epilepsy can become seizure-free.

Symptoms

Temporary confusion or staring spells
Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
Loss of consciousness or awareness
Psychic symptoms such as fear, anxiety, or déjà vu
Stiffening of the body
Falling suddenly without apparent cause
Lip smacking or other repetitive movements
Temporary inability to speak after a seizure

Causes

  • Genetic factors and inherited epilepsy syndromes
  • Brain injury from trauma, stroke, or infection
  • Brain tumors or structural abnormalities
  • Prenatal brain damage or developmental disorders
  • Infectious diseases such as meningitis or encephalitis

Risk Factors

  • Family history of epilepsy
  • History of head trauma or brain injury
  • Stroke or other vascular diseases
  • Neurodegenerative conditions
  • Childhood febrile seizures
  • Central nervous system infections

Diagnosis

  • Electroencephalogram (EEG) to detect abnormal brain wave patterns
  • MRI or CT scan of the brain to identify structural causes
  • Blood tests to rule out metabolic or infectious causes
  • Neurological examination assessing motor and cognitive function
  • Video EEG monitoring to capture seizure activity

Treatment

  • Anti-seizure medications (levetiracetam, lamotrigine, valproic acid)
  • Ketogenic diet, especially effective in children
  • Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for drug-resistant epilepsy
  • Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) device
  • Epilepsy surgery to remove the seizure focus
  • Lifestyle modifications including adequate sleep and stress management

Prevention

  • Wear seatbelts and helmets to prevent head injuries
  • Manage cardiovascular risk factors to prevent stroke-related epilepsy
  • Ensure proper prenatal care
  • Get vaccinated against infections that can cause brain inflammation

When to See a Doctor

  • A seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
  • Breathing or consciousness does not return after a seizure
  • A second seizure follows immediately after the first
  • You experience your first seizure at any age

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Essential Tremor

Neurological

Stroke

Cardiovascular

Meningitis

Infectious

Related from the Supplement Library

Magnesium Glycinate

Strong

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Omega-3 (EPA/DHA)

Strong

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Taurine

Moderate

Amino Acid · Cardiovascular support (blood pressure, heart function)

Vitamin D

Strong

Vitamin · Bone health and calcium absorption

These supplements have been studied in relation to Epilepsy. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement, especially if you take medications.

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