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InfectiousICD-10: G03About 1.2 million cases of bacterial meningitis occur globally per year

Meningitis

Also known as: Spinal Meningitis

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord, most commonly caused by viral or bacterial infection. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency that can be fatal within hours without treatment. Viral meningitis is more common and usually less severe, often resolving on its own.

Symptoms

Sudden high fever
Severe headache
Stiff neck (nuchal rigidity)
Nausea and vomiting
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Altered mental status or confusion
Seizures
Petechial or purpuric rash (in meningococcal meningitis)
Bulging fontanelle in infants

Causes

  • Bacterial infection (Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae)
  • Viral infection (enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, mumps)
  • Fungal infection (Cryptococcus, especially in immunocompromised patients)
  • Non-infectious causes (autoimmune, medication-related, cancer)

Risk Factors

  • Age (infants, teenagers, and young adults)
  • Living in close quarters (dormitories, military barracks)
  • Not vaccinated against meningococcal, pneumococcal, or Hib bacteria
  • Immunocompromised status (HIV, organ transplant, splenectomy)
  • Travel to the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa

Diagnosis

  • Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) with cerebrospinal fluid analysis
  • Blood cultures
  • Complete blood count and inflammatory markers (CRP, procalcitonin)
  • CT or MRI of the head before lumbar puncture if indicated
  • PCR testing of CSF for specific pathogens

Treatment

  • Empiric intravenous antibiotics (ceftriaxone, vancomycin) started immediately for suspected bacterial meningitis
  • Dexamethasone to reduce inflammation and improve outcomes
  • Antiviral therapy (acyclovir) for herpes simplex meningitis
  • Supportive care with IV fluids, pain management, and monitoring
  • ICU admission for severe bacterial meningitis

Prevention

  • Meningococcal vaccination (MenACWY and MenB)
  • Pneumococcal vaccination
  • Hib vaccination for infants
  • Prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts of bacterial meningitis cases
  • Good hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette

When to See a Doctor

  • Sudden onset of severe headache, fever, and stiff neck
  • Fever with a non-blanching rash
  • Confusion, drowsiness, or seizures with fever
  • Suspected exposure to a confirmed meningitis case

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Pneumonia

Respiratory

Sepsis

Infectious

Mumps

Infectious

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.