Vaginal Yeast Infection (Candidiasis)
A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida species—most commonly Candida albicans—in the vagina and vulva. Yeast infections are extremely common, affecting approximately 75% of women at least once in their lifetime, and are the second most common type of vaginal infection after bacterial vaginosis. While not considered a sexually transmitted infection, yeast infections can cause significant discomfort and may recur frequently in some women.
Symptoms
Causes
- Overgrowth of Candida albicans due to disruption of normal vaginal flora
- Antibiotic use killing beneficial bacteria that keep yeast in check
- Hormonal changes from pregnancy, birth control pills, or hormone therapy
- Uncontrolled diabetes causing elevated vaginal glucose levels
- Weakened immune system from illness or medications
Risk Factors
- Recent antibiotic use
- Pregnancy
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
- Weakened immune system (HIV, immunosuppressive therapy)
- Use of hormonal contraceptives, especially high-estrogen formulations
- Wearing tight, non-breathable clothing or wet swimwear for prolonged periods
Diagnosis
- Pelvic examination to assess vaginal discharge and inflammation
- Wet mount microscopy to identify yeast cells and pseudohyphae
- Vaginal pH testing (typically normal at 4.0-4.5 in yeast infections)
- Vaginal culture to identify the specific Candida species, especially in recurrent cases
Treatment
- Over-the-counter antifungal vaginal creams or suppositories (miconazole, clotrimazole)
- Single-dose oral fluconazole (Diflucan) by prescription
- Longer courses of topical or oral antifungal therapy for severe or recurrent infections
- Boric acid vaginal suppositories for non-albicans Candida species
- Maintenance antifungal therapy (weekly fluconazole for 6 months) for recurrent infections
Prevention
- Wear breathable cotton underwear and avoid tight-fitting clothing
- Avoid douching and scented feminine hygiene products
- Change out of wet swimwear and workout clothes promptly
- Take probiotics during and after antibiotic courses
- Manage blood sugar levels if you have diabetes
- Wipe from front to back after using the toilet
When to See a Doctor
- This is your first yeast infection and you want to confirm the diagnosis
- Symptoms do not improve within 3 days of over-the-counter treatment
- You experience recurrent yeast infections (4 or more per year)
- You are pregnant and develop symptoms of a yeast infection
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Conditions
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