Zika Virus
Also known as: Zika fever, Zika virus disease
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily spread by Aedes mosquitoes that gained global attention due to its association with birth defects, particularly microcephaly, in babies born to infected mothers. Most Zika infections are mild or asymptomatic, but the virus can also be sexually transmitted and may cause Guillain-Barré syndrome in rare cases. Prevention focuses on mosquito bite avoidance, especially for pregnant women.
Symptoms
Causes
- Infection with Zika virus transmitted through Aedes mosquito bites
- Sexual transmission from an infected partner
- Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or delivery
- Blood transfusion from an infected donor (rare)
Risk Factors
- Travel to or residence in areas with active Zika transmission
- Pregnancy, due to risk of birth defects
- Unprotected sexual contact with someone who has traveled to an endemic area
- Lack of mosquito protection in endemic regions
Diagnosis
- RT-PCR testing of blood or urine within first two weeks of symptoms
- Zika virus IgM antibody testing
- Plaque reduction neutralization test to distinguish from other flaviviruses
- Prenatal ultrasound for fetal abnormalities in infected pregnant women
Treatment
- No specific antiviral treatment available
- Rest and adequate hydration
- Acetaminophen for fever and pain relief
- Avoiding aspirin and NSAIDs until dengue is ruled out
- Monitoring pregnant women with confirmed infection for fetal abnormalities
Prevention
- Using insect repellent with DEET, picaridin, or IR3535
- Wearing long sleeves and pants in endemic areas
- Eliminating standing water to reduce mosquito breeding
- Practicing safe sex for at least three months after travel to endemic areas
- Pregnant women avoiding travel to Zika-affected areas
When to See a Doctor
- Symptoms after travel to a Zika-endemic area, especially if pregnant
- Rash with fever and joint pain after possible mosquito exposure
- Pregnant women with any potential Zika exposure
- Symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome such as weakness or tingling
Frequently Asked Questions
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