Is the yellow fever vaccine safe?

The yellow fever vaccine is considered very safe and effective, with a single dose providing lifelong protection. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, particularly in individuals over 60 or with immune deficiencies.

Where is yellow fever found?

Yellow fever is found in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. It does not currently occur in Asia, although the mosquito vectors are present, making the region potentially vulnerable.

Can yellow fever be cured?

There is no cure for yellow fever. Treatment focuses on supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention through vaccination is the most effective strategy against the disease.

InfectiousICD-10: A95An estimated 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths worldwide annually, mostly in Africa

Yellow Fever

Also known as: Yellow jack, Bronze John

Yellow fever is a serious viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes, primarily in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and South America. Most infections cause mild illness, but a small percentage progress to a severe phase with jaundice, bleeding, and organ failure that can be fatal. A highly effective vaccine provides lifelong protection.

Symptoms

Sudden onset of fever, chills, and headache

Muscle aches especially in the back and knees

Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite

Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) in severe cases

Bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, or stomach in severe cases

Decreased urination and kidney failure

Most people recover after the initial phase

Causes

Infection with the yellow fever virus, a flavivirus
Transmission through the bite of infected Aedes or Haemagogus mosquitoes
Maintained in nature through a cycle between mosquitoes and primates

Risk Factors

Travel to or residence in endemic areas of Africa or South America
Lack of vaccination
Outdoor activities in tropical regions with mosquito exposure
Unvaccinated individuals over age 60 at higher risk for severe disease

Diagnosis

Blood tests for yellow fever-specific IgM and IgG antibodies
PCR testing for viral RNA in early illness
Liver function tests and blood clotting studies
Cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses requires careful interpretation

Treatment

No specific antiviral treatment available
Supportive care with rest, fluids, and pain management
Hospitalization for severe cases with monitoring of organ function
Blood transfusion for bleeding complications
Avoiding aspirin and NSAIDs that can worsen bleeding

Prevention

Yellow fever vaccine providing lifelong protection with a single dose
Vaccination required for travel to many endemic countries
Mosquito bite prevention with repellent and protective clothing
Eliminating mosquito breeding sites

When to See a Doctor

Fever with jaundice after travel to an endemic area
Symptoms developing within two weeks of visiting an at-risk region
Any signs of bleeding or organ dysfunction

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Dengue Fever

Infectious

Zika Virus

Infectious

Malaria

Infectious

West Nile Virus

Infectious

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