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DigestiveICD-10: K74.60Affects approximately 2.2 million adults in the U.S.

Cirrhosis

Also known as: Liver Cirrhosis, Hepatic Cirrhosis, Scarring of the Liver

Cirrhosis is the late stage of progressive liver scarring (fibrosis) caused by long-term liver damage from various conditions such as chronic alcohol use, viral hepatitis, and fatty liver disease. As healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, the liver gradually loses its ability to function. While cirrhosis damage is generally irreversible, early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause can slow progression and prevent life-threatening complications.

Symptoms

Fatigue and weakness
Easy bruising and bleeding
Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
Itchy skin
Swelling in the legs, feet, and ankles (edema)
Abdominal swelling from fluid buildup (ascites)
Spider-like blood vessels on the skin
Confusion and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy)
Loss of appetite and weight loss

Causes

  • Chronic alcohol abuse (alcoholic liver disease)
  • Chronic hepatitis B or C infection
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD/NASH)
  • Autoimmune hepatitis
  • Genetic conditions (hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease)

Risk Factors

  • Heavy alcohol consumption over many years
  • Chronic viral hepatitis infection
  • Obesity and metabolic syndrome
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Family history of liver disease

Diagnosis

  • Liver function blood tests (bilirubin, albumin, INR)
  • Imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI) to assess liver structure
  • FibroScan (transient elastography) to measure liver stiffness
  • Liver biopsy for definitive diagnosis and staging
  • Screening for hepatitis B and C

Treatment

  • Treatment of underlying cause (alcohol cessation, antiviral therapy)
  • Medications for complications (diuretics for ascites, lactulose for encephalopathy)
  • Low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention
  • Beta-blockers to prevent variceal bleeding
  • Regular screening for hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Liver transplantation for decompensated cirrhosis

Prevention

  • Limit alcohol consumption or abstain entirely
  • Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B
  • Maintain a healthy weight and manage metabolic conditions
  • Practice safe sex and avoid sharing needles to prevent hepatitis
  • Use medications only as directed to avoid liver toxicity

When to See a Doctor

  • You develop yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
  • Your abdomen becomes swollen or distended
  • You experience confusion, drowsiness, or personality changes
  • You have risk factors for liver disease and have not been screened

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Type 2 Diabetes

Endocrine

Colorectal Cancer

Cancer

High Cholesterol

Cardiovascular

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.