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NeurologicalICD-10: G61.0Affects about 1–2 people per 100,000 annually

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Also known as: GBS, Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, causing rapid-onset muscle weakness that can progress to paralysis. It often follows a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection and can become life-threatening if it affects breathing muscles. Most people recover fully, though some may have lasting weakness.

Symptoms

Tingling and weakness starting in the feet and legs, spreading upward
Rapidly progressive muscle weakness on both sides
Difficulty walking or climbing stairs
Facial weakness and difficulty with eye movements
Difficulty speaking, chewing, or swallowing
Severe back or leg pain
Difficulty controlling bladder or bowel function
Rapid heart rate or blood pressure fluctuations
Difficulty breathing in severe cases

Causes

  • Autoimmune attack on peripheral nerve myelin or axons
  • Often triggered by Campylobacter jejuni, CMV, EBV, or Zika virus
  • Rarely associated with surgery or vaccination
  • Molecular mimicry between infectious agents and nerve components

Risk Factors

  • Recent respiratory or gastrointestinal infection (1–4 weeks prior)
  • Age (risk increases with age)
  • Male sex (slightly more common in men)
  • History of Campylobacter jejuni infection

Diagnosis

  • Clinical examination showing progressive ascending weakness and areflexia
  • Lumbar puncture showing elevated protein with normal cell count
  • Nerve conduction studies and EMG showing demyelination
  • MRI of the spine to rule out other causes

Treatment

  • Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy
  • Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
  • Mechanical ventilation if respiratory muscles are affected
  • Physical therapy beginning during hospitalization
  • Pain management with gabapentin or opioids
  • DVT prophylaxis during immobilization

When to See a Doctor

  • You experience tingling that spreads rapidly from feet to legs and arms
  • Muscle weakness is progressing quickly over hours or days
  • You have difficulty breathing or swallowing
  • You notice weakness after a recent infection

Frequently Asked Questions

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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