Lupus
Also known as: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, potentially affecting joints, skin, kidneys, brain, heart, and lungs. It is characterized by periods of flares and remission. While once considered fatal, advances in treatment now allow most patients to live full, active lives.
Symptoms
Causes
- Autoimmune dysfunction attacking healthy tissue
- Genetic predisposition involving multiple susceptibility genes
- Environmental triggers (UV light, infections, certain medications)
- Hormonal factors (estrogen may play a role)
Risk Factors
- Female sex (9 out of 10 patients are women)
- Age 15–45 (childbearing years)
- African American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American descent
- Family history of lupus or autoimmune diseases
- Certain medications can trigger drug-induced lupus
Diagnosis
- ANA test (positive in >95% of SLE patients)
- Anti-dsDNA and anti-Smith antibody tests (specific to SLE)
- CBC, complement levels (C3, C4), and urinalysis
- Clinical criteria combining symptoms, labs, and organ involvement
- Kidney biopsy if lupus nephritis is suspected
Treatment
- Hydroxychloroquine — recommended for all lupus patients
- NSAIDs for mild joint pain
- Corticosteroids for flare management
- Immunosuppressants (mycophenolate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide)
- Belimumab (biologic targeting B-lymphocyte stimulator)
- Anifrolumab (anti-interferon biologic) for moderate-to-severe SLE
Prevention
- No known way to prevent lupus
- Avoid triggers: excessive sun exposure, smoking, certain medications
- Use sunscreen (SPF 30+) and protective clothing daily
- Get adequate rest and manage stress
When to See a Doctor
- Unexplained rash, persistent joint pain, or fever
- Extreme fatigue that does not improve with rest
- Swelling or decreased urine output (possible kidney involvement)
- Lupus symptoms are flaring despite treatment
Frequently Asked Questions
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