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MusculoskeletalICD-10: M79.7Affects approximately 4 million adults in the United States

Fibromyalgia

Also known as: Fibromyalgia Syndrome, FMS

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and cognitive difficulties often called 'fibro fog.' It is believed to result from abnormal pain signal processing in the central nervous system. While there is no cure, a multimodal treatment approach can significantly improve quality of life.

Symptoms

Widespread pain lasting more than three months
Fatigue even after adequate sleep
Cognitive difficulties with memory and concentration
Sleep disturbances and unrefreshing sleep
Headaches and migraines
Numbness or tingling in hands and feet
Jaw pain (temporomandibular joint disorders)
Irritable bowel symptoms
Sensitivity to temperature, light, and noise

Causes

  • Central sensitization (amplified pain processing in the brain and spinal cord)
  • Genetic predisposition affecting pain neurotransmitters
  • Physical trauma, surgery, or infection as triggering events
  • Prolonged psychological stress
  • Abnormalities in serotonin, norepinephrine, and substance P levels

Risk Factors

  • Female sex (diagnosed twice as often in women)
  • Family history of fibromyalgia
  • Existing rheumatic disease such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
  • History of physical or emotional trauma
  • Mood disorders including anxiety and depression

Diagnosis

  • Clinical assessment using the American College of Rheumatology criteria
  • Widespread pain index and symptom severity scale evaluation
  • Blood tests to rule out thyroid disease, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis
  • Exclusion of other conditions that mimic fibromyalgia

Treatment

  • FDA-approved medications: duloxetine, milnacipran, pregabalin
  • Low-dose tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline) for sleep and pain
  • Regular low-impact aerobic exercise (walking, swimming, cycling)
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy for pain management
  • Sleep hygiene optimization
  • Complementary approaches such as acupuncture and massage therapy

Prevention

  • Regular physical activity to maintain pain thresholds
  • Stress management techniques such as meditation and mindfulness
  • Maintaining consistent sleep schedules
  • Early treatment of mood disorders

When to See a Doctor

  • You experience widespread pain that persists for more than three months
  • Fatigue is severe enough to interfere with work and daily activities
  • Cognitive difficulties are affecting your ability to function
  • You need help distinguishing fibromyalgia from other conditions

Frequently Asked Questions

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.