Depression
Also known as: Major Depressive Disorder, Clinical Depression, MDD, Major Depression
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common but serious mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities such as sleeping, eating, and working. Depression is highly treatable through a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle modifications, and seeking help is the most important first step.
At a Glance
- Common symptoms
- Persistent sad, anxious, or empty mood, Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities, Fatigue and decreased energy
- Main treatments
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: sertraline, fluoxetine, escitalopram), Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs: venlafaxine, duloxetine), Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Category
- Mental Health · Affects approximately 8.4% of U.S. adults (21 million people) annually
- See a doctor if
- Feelings of sadness or hopelessness persist for more than two weeks
Symptoms
Causes
- Imbalance of brain neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)
- Genetic predisposition
- Stressful or traumatic life events
- Chronic medical conditions
- Hormonal changes (postpartum, menopause, thyroid disorders)
Risk Factors
- Personal or family history of depression
- Major life changes, trauma, or chronic stress
- Certain medications (beta-blockers, corticosteroids)
- Substance abuse
- Chronic illness (cancer, diabetes, heart disease)
- Social isolation and lack of support
Diagnosis
- Clinical interview using DSM-5 criteria (5+ symptoms for 2+ weeks)
- Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) screening tool
- Physical examination to rule out medical causes
- Blood tests (thyroid function, vitamin D, B12, CBC)
Treatment
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: sertraline, fluoxetine, escitalopram)
- Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs: venlafaxine, duloxetine)
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
- Regular exercise (shown to be as effective as medication for mild-moderate depression)
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment-resistant cases
Prevention
- Maintain regular physical exercise
- Build and maintain strong social connections
- Practice stress management and mindfulness
- Get adequate sleep (7-9 hours per night)
- Limit alcohol consumption
- Seek early treatment if symptoms develop
When to See a Doctor
- Feelings of sadness or hopelessness persist for more than two weeks
- You lose interest in activities you previously enjoyed
- Depression interferes with work, relationships, or daily functioning
- You have thoughts of self-harm or suicide—call 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Conditions
Related from the Supplement Library
St. John's Wort
StrongHerb · May improve mild-to-moderate depression
Omega-3 (EPA/DHA)
StrongFatty Acid · Cardiovascular health (TG reduction, anti-arrhythmic)
Vitamin D
StrongVitamin · Bone health and calcium absorption
SAM-e
ModerateAmino Acid · May improve depression symptoms
Rhodiola Rosea
ModerateAdaptogen · Reduces fatigue and burnout
Folate
StrongVitamin · DNA synthesis and repair
Saffron
ModerateHerb · Improves mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms
These supplements have been studied in relation to Depression. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement, especially if you take medications.
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Ask about DepressionMedical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.
Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.