Is depression just feeling sad?

No, clinical depression is much more than normal sadness. It involves persistent changes in mood, energy, sleep, appetite, and thinking that last at least two weeks and significantly impair daily functioning. Depression is a medical condition with biological, psychological, and social components.

Can depression go away without treatment?

While some depressive episodes may eventually improve on their own, untreated depression often lasts longer, becomes more severe, and is more likely to recur. Treatment significantly reduces suffering and the risk of complications, including suicide.

How long does it take for antidepressants to work?

Most antidepressants take 2-4 weeks to begin showing noticeable effects, and 6-8 weeks for full therapeutic benefit. It's important not to stop medication prematurely, and your doctor may need to adjust the type or dosage to find what works best for you.

Mental HealthICD-10: F32.9Affects approximately 8.4% of U.S. adults (21 million people) annually

Depression

Also known as: Major Depressive Disorder, Clinical Depression, MDD, Major Depression

Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common but serious mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It affects how you feel, think, and handle daily activities such as sleeping, eating, and working. Depression is highly treatable through a combination of psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle modifications, and seeking help is the most important first step.

Symptoms

Persistent sad, anxious, or empty mood

Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities

Fatigue and decreased energy

Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much

Changes in appetite or weight (increase or decrease)

Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions

Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

Restlessness or feeling slowed down

Thoughts of death or suicide

Causes

Imbalance of brain neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)
Genetic predisposition
Stressful or traumatic life events
Chronic medical conditions
Hormonal changes (postpartum, menopause, thyroid disorders)

Risk Factors

Personal or family history of depression
Major life changes, trauma, or chronic stress
Certain medications (beta-blockers, corticosteroids)
Substance abuse
Chronic illness (cancer, diabetes, heart disease)
Social isolation and lack of support

Diagnosis

Clinical interview using DSM-5 criteria (5+ symptoms for 2+ weeks)
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) screening tool
Physical examination to rule out medical causes
Blood tests (thyroid function, vitamin D, B12, CBC)

Treatment

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: sertraline, fluoxetine, escitalopram)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs: venlafaxine, duloxetine)
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Regular exercise (shown to be as effective as medication for mild-moderate depression)
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment-resistant cases

Prevention

Maintain regular physical exercise
Build and maintain strong social connections
Practice stress management and mindfulness
Get adequate sleep (7-9 hours per night)
Limit alcohol consumption
Seek early treatment if symptoms develop

When to See a Doctor

Feelings of sadness or hopelessness persist for more than two weeks
You lose interest in activities you previously enjoyed
Depression interferes with work, relationships, or daily functioning
You have thoughts of self-harm or suicide—call 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Anxiety Disorders

Mental Health

Bipolar Disorder

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Burnout Syndrome

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Chronic Pain

Neurological

Related from the Supplement Library

St. John's Wort

Strong

Herb · May improve mild-to-moderate depression

Omega-3 (EPA/DHA)

Strong

Fatty Acid · Cardiovascular health (TG reduction, anti-arrhythmic)

Vitamin D

Strong

Vitamin · Bone health and calcium absorption

SAM-e

Moderate

Amino Acid · May improve depression symptoms

Rhodiola Rosea

Moderate

Adaptogen · Reduces fatigue and burnout

Folate

Strong

Vitamin · DNA synthesis and repair

These supplements have been studied in relation to Depression. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement, especially if you take medications.

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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