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Mental HealthICD-10: F31.9Affects approximately 2.8% of U.S. adults

Bipolar Disorder

Also known as: Manic-Depressive Illness, Bipolar Affective Disorder, Manic Depression

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These episodes can affect sleep, energy, behavior, judgment, and the ability to think clearly. With appropriate treatment including mood stabilizers and psychotherapy, most people with bipolar disorder can manage their symptoms and lead productive lives.

Symptoms

Manic episodes: elevated mood, increased energy, decreased sleep need
Grandiosity or inflated self-esteem during mania
Racing thoughts and rapid speech
Impulsive or risky behavior (excessive spending, sexual indiscretions)
Depressive episodes: persistent sadness, hopelessness
Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
Fatigue and slowed movements during depression
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Suicidal thoughts during depressive episodes

Causes

  • Genetic factors (strong hereditary component)
  • Neurochemical imbalances in the brain
  • Structural and functional brain differences
  • Stressful or traumatic life events as triggers

Risk Factors

  • Family history of bipolar disorder (first-degree relative increases risk 10x)
  • High-stress environments or major life changes
  • Substance abuse
  • Age of onset typically between 15 and 25
  • History of childhood trauma or abuse

Diagnosis

  • Comprehensive psychiatric evaluation
  • Mood charting and symptom tracking over time
  • DSM-5 criteria (at least one manic or hypomanic episode)
  • Blood tests and imaging to rule out medical causes
  • Screening for co-occurring conditions (anxiety, substance use)

Treatment

  • Mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate, lamotrigine)
  • Atypical antipsychotics (quetiapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole)
  • Antidepressants (used cautiously, usually with a mood stabilizer)
  • Psychotherapy (CBT, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy)
  • Psychoeducation for patients and families
  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treatment-resistant cases

Prevention

  • Take prescribed medications consistently, even when feeling well
  • Maintain a regular sleep schedule
  • Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs
  • Monitor mood patterns and recognize early warning signs
  • Build a strong support system

When to See a Doctor

  • You experience extreme mood swings that affect your relationships or work
  • You feel invincible or need very little sleep for days
  • You have persistent depressive symptoms or feelings of hopelessness
  • You or someone you know has thoughts of self-harm or suicide—call 988

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Depression

Mental Health

Anxiety Disorders

Mental Health

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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