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Mental HealthICD-10: F90.0Affects approximately 8-10% of children and 4-5% of adults worldwide

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Also known as: ADHD, ADD, Attention Deficit Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. It is one of the most common childhood mental health disorders but frequently persists into adulthood. Early diagnosis and a combination of behavioral strategies and medication can significantly improve quality of life.

Symptoms

Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks or activities
Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or at work
Difficulty organizing tasks and managing time
Easily distracted by unrelated stimuli
Fidgeting or squirming when seated
Talking excessively or interrupting others
Difficulty waiting one's turn
Forgetfulness in daily activities
Restlessness or feeling driven by a motor

Causes

  • Genetic factors (ADHD is highly heritable)
  • Differences in brain structure and neurotransmitter function
  • Prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or environmental toxins
  • Premature birth or low birth weight

Risk Factors

  • Family history of ADHD or other mental health disorders
  • Male sex (more frequently diagnosed in boys)
  • Exposure to environmental toxins such as lead
  • Maternal substance use during pregnancy
  • Premature birth

Diagnosis

  • Comprehensive clinical interview and behavioral assessment
  • Symptom checklists (e.g., Vanderbilt, Conners rating scales)
  • Observation reports from teachers, parents, or partners
  • Neuropsychological testing to rule out learning disabilities
  • DSM-5 criteria requiring symptoms present before age 12

Treatment

  • Stimulant medications (methylphenidate, amphetamine salts)
  • Non-stimulant medications (atomoxetine, guanfacine)
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
  • Behavioral parent training for children
  • Organizational skills training and coaching
  • Educational accommodations (IEP or 504 plan)

Prevention

  • Avoid tobacco, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy
  • Minimize exposure to environmental toxins
  • Ensure adequate prenatal care and nutrition

When to See a Doctor

  • Your child consistently struggles with attention, behavior, or schoolwork
  • Symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity interfere with work or relationships
  • You suspect you or your child may have ADHD
  • Current treatment is not adequately managing symptoms

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Anxiety Disorders

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Depression

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Bipolar Disorder

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.