HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
Also known as: Human Papillomavirus, Genital Warts Virus
HPV is the most common STI, with over 200 types identified. Most infections are harmless and clear on their own, but certain high-risk strains (HPV 16, 18) can cause cervical, throat, anal, and other cancers. The HPV vaccine is highly effective at preventing infection with the most dangerous strains.
At a Glance
- Common symptoms
- Most HPV infections cause no symptoms, Genital warts (flesh-colored bumps in the genital area), Common warts on hands or fingers
- Main treatments
- Most infections clear without treatment within 1–2 years, Topical treatments for warts: imiquimod, podophyllin, trichloroacetic acid, Cryotherapy or electrocautery for wart removal
- Category
- Infectious · About 42 million Americans have HPV; nearly 80% will be infected at some point
- See a doctor if
- You notice unusual bumps or growths in the genital area
Symptoms
Causes
- HPV transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, primarily sexual
- Over 40 types can infect the genital area
- High-risk types (HPV 16, 18) cause most HPV-related cancers
- Low-risk types (HPV 6, 11) cause most genital warts
Risk Factors
- Multiple sexual partners
- Unvaccinated status
- Weakened immune system
- Early onset of sexual activity
- Skin-to-skin contact with infected individuals
Diagnosis
- Pap smear to detect cervical cell abnormalities
- HPV DNA test to identify high-risk strains
- Visual examination for genital warts
- Biopsy of abnormal lesions
Treatment
- Most infections clear without treatment within 1–2 years
- Topical treatments for warts: imiquimod, podophyllin, trichloroacetic acid
- Cryotherapy or electrocautery for wart removal
- LEEP for cervical precancers
- Regular Pap smear surveillance
Prevention
- HPV vaccination — recommended ages 11–12, catch-up through age 26
- Routine cervical cancer screening
- Consistent condom use
- Limiting number of sexual partners
When to See a Doctor
- You notice unusual bumps or growths in the genital area
- Your Pap smear shows abnormal results
- You are unsure of your HPV vaccination status
- You are over 30 and have never been screened
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Conditions
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