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InfectiousICD-10: B37.0Affects approximately 5-7% of infants and is common in immunocompromised adults

Oral Thrush (Oral Candidiasis)

Also known as: Oral Candidiasis, Thrush, Mouth Thrush, Candida Mouth Infection

Oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans, which is normally present in small amounts in the oral cavity. The infection appears as creamy white, slightly raised lesions on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, gums, and tonsils that can be painful and may bleed when scraped. Oral thrush is particularly common in infants, older adults, people with weakened immune systems, and those using inhaled corticosteroids or antibiotics.

Symptoms

Creamy white, cottage cheese-like lesions on the tongue and inner cheeks
Redness, burning, or soreness in the mouth
Difficulty swallowing or sensation of food sticking in the throat
Loss of taste or an unpleasant taste in the mouth
Cotton-like feeling in the mouth
Cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis)
Slight bleeding when lesions are scraped or during brushing

Causes

  • Overgrowth of Candida albicans yeast in the oral cavity
  • Disruption of the normal oral microbiome by antibiotics
  • Immunosuppression from HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, or corticosteroid use
  • Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma without proper mouth rinsing technique

Risk Factors

  • Weakened immune system (HIV/AIDS, cancer treatment, organ transplant)
  • Use of inhaled corticosteroids for asthma or COPD
  • Recent antibiotic therapy disrupting oral flora
  • Diabetes mellitus, especially when blood sugar is poorly controlled
  • Wearing dentures, particularly ill-fitting ones
  • Infancy or advanced age
  • Dry mouth from medications or medical conditions

Diagnosis

  • Visual examination of characteristic white lesions in the mouth
  • Microscopic examination of scraped lesion showing Candida organisms
  • Oral swab culture to confirm Candida species
  • Blood tests to check for underlying conditions (HIV, diabetes) if thrush is recurrent

Treatment

  • Antifungal medications: nystatin oral suspension (swish and swallow)
  • Oral fluconazole for moderate to severe infections
  • Clotrimazole troches (lozenges) dissolved in the mouth
  • Treatment of underlying conditions contributing to immunosuppression
  • Proper denture cleaning and removal at night
  • Rinsing mouth with water after using inhaled corticosteroids

Prevention

  • Rinse mouth with water after using inhaled corticosteroids
  • Practice good oral hygiene with regular brushing and flossing
  • Clean dentures daily and remove them at night
  • Limit sugar intake, which promotes Candida growth
  • Maintain good blood sugar control if you have diabetes
  • Visit the dentist regularly for checkups

When to See a Doctor

  • You develop white patches or sores in your mouth that do not heal
  • You have difficulty swallowing or eating due to mouth pain
  • Thrush symptoms recur frequently or do not respond to initial treatment
  • You have a weakened immune system and notice signs of oral thrush

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Asthma

Respiratory

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Respiratory

Type 2 Diabetes

Endocrine

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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