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RespiratoryICD-10: J44.1Affects approximately 16 million diagnosed Americans; millions more undiagnosed

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Also known as: COPD, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of progressive lung diseases—primarily emphysema and chronic bronchitis—that cause obstructed airflow and make breathing increasingly difficult. Smoking is the leading cause, accounting for up to 90% of COPD cases. While COPD has no cure, treatment can slow progression, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life.

Symptoms

Chronic cough with mucus production (smoker's cough)
Progressive shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Frequent respiratory infections
Fatigue and lack of energy
Unintended weight loss (in advanced stages)
Swelling in ankles, feet, or legs

Causes

  • Cigarette smoking (primary cause)
  • Long-term exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Occupational exposure to dust, chemicals, and fumes
  • Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel combustion
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (rare genetic cause)

Risk Factors

  • Current or former smoking (greatest risk factor)
  • Age over 40
  • Occupational exposure to industrial dust and chemicals
  • History of childhood respiratory infections
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
  • Asthma combined with smoking

Diagnosis

  • Spirometry (post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.70 confirms diagnosis)
  • Chest X-ray to rule out other conditions
  • CT scan to detect emphysema and assess severity
  • Arterial blood gas to measure oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin level blood test

Treatment

  • Smoking cessation (most important intervention)
  • Inhaled bronchodilators (short-acting and long-acting)
  • Inhaled corticosteroids for frequent exacerbations
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation (exercise training and education)
  • Supplemental oxygen therapy for severe hypoxemia
  • Lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplant for advanced disease

Prevention

  • Never start smoking or quit as soon as possible
  • Avoid secondhand smoke and air pollution
  • Use protective equipment in occupational settings with dust or fumes
  • Get annual flu and pneumococcal vaccinations

When to See a Doctor

  • You have a persistent cough with mucus that doesn't improve
  • You become increasingly short of breath during everyday activities
  • Your lips or fingernails turn blue (cyanosis)—seek emergency care
  • You are a smoker over 40 and have not been screened with spirometry

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Asthma

Respiratory

Bronchitis

Respiratory

Common Cold

Infectious

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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