MusculoskeletalICD-10: M41Affects 2-3% of the population, or about 6-9 million people in the US
Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often develops during the growth spurt just before puberty. While the cause is usually unknown (idiopathic), it can also result from neuromuscular conditions, birth defects, or spinal injuries. Mild scoliosis may need only monitoring, while moderate to severe curves may require bracing or surgery.
Symptoms
Uneven shoulders or waistline
One shoulder blade appearing more prominent
Uneven hips
Leaning to one side
Back pain in adults with scoliosis
Visible spinal curvature
Rib prominence on one side when bending forward
Causes
- Idiopathic cause in approximately 80% of cases
- Neuromuscular conditions such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy
- Congenital spinal abnormalities present at birth
- Degenerative disc disease in older adults
Risk Factors
- Age during adolescent growth spurt
- Female sex for progression requiring treatment
- Family history of scoliosis
- Neuromuscular disorders
Diagnosis
- Physical examination with Adam forward bend test
- Full-spine X-ray to measure Cobb angle
- MRI if neurological abnormalities are suspected
- Scoliometer measurement of trunk rotation
Treatment
- Observation and monitoring for mild curves under 25 degrees
- Bracing for growing children with curves between 25 and 45 degrees
- Spinal fusion surgery for curves exceeding 45-50 degrees
- Physical therapy to improve posture and strength
- Pain management for adults with degenerative scoliosis
Prevention
- No known prevention for idiopathic scoliosis
- Early detection through school screening programs
- Regular monitoring during growth spurts
When to See a Doctor
- Noticeable unevenness in shoulders, hips, or waistline
- Back pain that persists in a child or teenager
- Visible spinal curvature
- Breathing difficulties due to severe curvature
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Conditions
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