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InfectiousICD-10: R59.9Extremely common; most people experience swollen lymph nodes at some point in their lives

Swollen Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenopathy)

Swollen lymph nodes, or lymphadenopathy, occur when lymph nodes enlarge in response to infection, inflammation, or—less commonly—cancer. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the immune system and filter harmful substances from the body. While swollen lymph nodes are usually a sign that the body is fighting an infection, persistent or unexplained enlargement should be evaluated to rule out more serious conditions.

Symptoms

Tender, swollen lumps in the neck, armpits, or groin
Nodes that feel warm to the touch
Fever and night sweats
Sore throat or runny nose (when related to upper respiratory infections)
General fatigue and malaise
Unexplained weight loss (may suggest a more serious cause)
Hard, fixed, or rapidly growing nodes (may indicate malignancy)

Causes

  • Common infections such as upper respiratory infections, strep throat, or ear infections
  • Viral infections including mononucleosis, HIV, and CMV
  • Bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, cellulitis, or cat-scratch disease
  • Autoimmune conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
  • Cancers such as lymphoma, leukemia, or metastatic disease

Risk Factors

  • Active infection anywhere in the body
  • Weakened immune system from HIV, medications, or chronic illness
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Exposure to tuberculosis or other endemic infections
  • History of cancer or current cancer treatment

Diagnosis

  • Physical examination assessing size, location, consistency, and tenderness of nodes
  • Complete blood count (CBC) and inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP)
  • Imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan) to evaluate node characteristics and distribution
  • Lymph node biopsy (excisional or fine-needle aspiration) for persistent or suspicious nodes
  • Specific tests based on suspected cause (mono spot test, TB test, HIV test)

Treatment

  • Treatment of the underlying infection with appropriate antibiotics or antivirals
  • Over-the-counter pain relievers (acetaminophen, ibuprofen) for discomfort
  • Warm compresses applied to the swollen area
  • Rest and adequate hydration to support the immune system
  • Chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery if cancer is the underlying cause
  • Immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune-related lymphadenopathy

Prevention

  • Practice good hand hygiene to prevent infections
  • Stay up to date on recommended vaccinations
  • Avoid close contact with people who have contagious illnesses
  • Manage chronic health conditions that can cause inflammation

When to See a Doctor

  • Swollen lymph nodes persist for more than 2-3 weeks without improvement
  • Nodes are hard, fixed, painless, or rapidly growing
  • You experience unexplained weight loss, persistent fever, or drenching night sweats
  • Swelling appears without an obvious infection or cause

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Cellulitis

Infectious

Anemia

Metabolic

Depression

Mental Health

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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