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NeurologicalICD-10: S06.0X0AAn estimated 3.8 million concussions occur annually in the U.S.

Concussion

Also known as: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, mTBI, Brain Concussion

A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow, bump, or jolt to the head or body that causes the brain to move rapidly inside the skull. While most concussions are not life-threatening, they temporarily affect brain function and can cause headaches, concentration problems, and other symptoms. Most people recover fully within days to weeks, but repeated concussions can have cumulative, long-term effects on brain health.

Symptoms

Headache or sensation of pressure in the head
Temporary loss of consciousness (not always present)
Confusion, feeling dazed or foggy
Dizziness and balance problems
Nausea or vomiting
Blurry vision or sensitivity to light and noise
Difficulty concentrating or remembering
Sleep disturbances (sleeping more or less than usual)
Irritability and mood changes

Causes

  • Direct blow to the head (falls, sports impacts, accidents)
  • Violent shaking of the head or upper body (whiplash)
  • Blast-related injuries (military explosions)

Risk Factors

  • Participation in contact sports (football, soccer, hockey, boxing)
  • History of previous concussions
  • Young age (children and teens are more susceptible)
  • Not wearing appropriate protective equipment
  • Falls, especially in older adults

Diagnosis

  • Neurological examination (coordination, reflexes, memory, cognition)
  • Standardized concussion assessment tools (SCAT5, ImPACT)
  • CT scan to rule out brain bleeding (in moderate-severe cases)
  • MRI for persistent symptoms or concern for structural damage

Treatment

  • Physical and cognitive rest for 24-48 hours after injury
  • Gradual return-to-activity protocol
  • Over-the-counter pain relievers (acetaminophen; avoid NSAIDs initially)
  • Symptom-specific treatments (vestibular therapy for dizziness)
  • Neuropsychological rehabilitation for persistent cognitive symptoms

Prevention

  • Wear appropriate helmets and protective gear during sports
  • Follow rules of the game and practice safe techniques
  • Strengthen neck muscles to reduce injury risk
  • Implement return-to-play protocols in sports organizations
  • Fall-proof homes for older adults

When to See a Doctor

  • Any head injury with loss of consciousness, even briefly
  • Worsening headache, repeated vomiting, or seizures after head injury—call 911
  • Confusion, slurred speech, or one pupil larger than the other
  • Symptoms persist beyond 2 weeks or worsen over time

Frequently Asked Questions

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.