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NeurologicalICD-10: F03.90Affects approximately 55 million people worldwide

Dementia

Also known as: Major Neurocognitive Disorder, Senility, Cognitive Decline

Dementia is an umbrella term for a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily life. It is not a single disease but rather a syndrome caused by various conditions, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common form. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. While most forms of dementia are progressive and incurable, early diagnosis allows for better planning, symptom management, and improved quality of life.

Symptoms

Progressive memory loss, especially recent events
Difficulty with complex tasks and problem-solving
Confusion about time and place
Language problems (finding words, following conversations)
Poor judgment and decision-making
Changes in personality and behavior
Withdrawal from social activities
Getting lost in familiar places
Difficulty with coordination and motor functions
Hallucinations or delusions (especially in Lewy body dementia)

Causes

  • Alzheimer's disease (60-80% of cases)
  • Vascular damage from strokes or small vessel disease
  • Lewy body deposits in brain cells
  • Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
  • Reversible causes (vitamin B12 deficiency, thyroid problems, depression)

Risk Factors

  • Advanced age (greatest risk factor)
  • Family history of dementia
  • Cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol)
  • Down syndrome
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Social isolation and low educational attainment

Diagnosis

  • Cognitive screening (MMSE, MoCA)
  • Comprehensive neuropsychological testing
  • Brain imaging (MRI, CT, PET scan) to identify cause and type
  • Blood tests to rule out reversible causes
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis for biomarkers

Treatment

  • Cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine) for Alzheimer's
  • Memantine for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's
  • Management of behavioral symptoms (antipsychotics, antidepressants as needed)
  • Cognitive stimulation therapy and structured activities
  • Occupational therapy for daily living skills
  • Caregiver support, respite care, and community resources

Prevention

  • Exercise regularly (at least 150 minutes per week)
  • Follow a brain-healthy diet (Mediterranean or MIND diet)
  • Stay mentally and socially engaged
  • Control cardiovascular risk factors
  • Get adequate sleep (7-8 hours per night)
  • Limit alcohol consumption and avoid smoking

When to See a Doctor

  • Memory loss is interfering with daily activities
  • A loved one shows progressive confusion or personality changes
  • Familiar tasks become increasingly difficult
  • You notice worsening judgment or decision-making ability

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Alzheimer's Disease

Neurological

Depression

Mental Health

Concussion

Neurological

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.