Edema
Also known as: Swelling, Fluid Retention, Dropsy
Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues, most commonly in the legs, ankles, and feet. It can result from underlying conditions including heart failure, kidney disease, and venous insufficiency. While mild edema may resolve on its own, persistent or severe swelling requires medical evaluation to identify and treat the root cause.
At a Glance
- Common symptoms
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or hands, Stretched or shiny skin over the swollen area, Skin that retains a dimple after being pressed (pitting edema)
- Main treatments
- Diuretics (water pills) to remove excess fluid, Compression stockings for leg edema, Elevation of affected limbs above heart level
- Category
- Cardiovascular
- See a doctor if
- Swelling occurs suddenly or in only one leg (may indicate a blood clot)
Symptoms
Causes
- Heart failure reducing the heart's pumping efficiency
- Kidney disease causing sodium and fluid retention
- Liver cirrhosis affecting protein production
- Venous insufficiency or blood clots in the legs
- Certain medications such as calcium channel blockers and NSAIDs
- Pregnancy-related hormonal changes
Risk Factors
- Congestive heart failure
- Chronic kidney disease
- Prolonged sitting or standing
- High sodium diet
- Obesity
- Pregnancy
Diagnosis
- Physical examination assessing swelling location and severity
- Blood tests including kidney function and albumin levels
- Echocardiogram to evaluate heart function
- Ultrasound of affected limbs to check for blood clots
- Urinalysis to detect protein loss
Treatment
- Diuretics (water pills) to remove excess fluid
- Compression stockings for leg edema
- Elevation of affected limbs above heart level
- Reduced sodium intake
- Treatment of the underlying condition causing edema
Prevention
- Limit salt intake in your diet
- Stay physically active and avoid prolonged sitting
- Elevate your legs when resting
- Wear compression stockings if recommended by your doctor
When to See a Doctor
- Swelling occurs suddenly or in only one leg (may indicate a blood clot)
- You experience shortness of breath along with swelling
- Swelling is accompanied by chest pain
- Edema does not improve with elevation and rest
Frequently Asked Questions
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Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.