Immune Thrombocytopenia
Also known as: ITP, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
ITP is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys platelets, the blood cells responsible for clotting, leading to easy bruising and bleeding. In children, ITP often follows a viral infection and resolves on its own. In adults, it tends to be chronic but can be effectively managed with medications.
Symptoms
Causes
- Autoantibodies targeting platelet surface proteins
- Increased platelet clearance by the spleen
- Impaired platelet production in bone marrow
- Triggered by viral infections in children
Risk Factors
- Female sex in adults (2–3 times more common)
- Age 20–50 in adults; age 2–6 in children
- Recent viral infection (especially in children)
- Other autoimmune conditions (lupus)
- Chronic infections (H. pylori, hepatitis C, HIV)
Diagnosis
- CBC showing isolated thrombocytopenia
- Peripheral blood smear to evaluate platelets
- Exclusion of other causes of low platelets
- Testing for H. pylori, hepatitis C, and HIV
Treatment
- Observation for mild cases without significant bleeding
- Corticosteroids (prednisone, dexamethasone) as first-line
- IVIG for rapid platelet increase
- Thrombopoietin receptor agonists (eltrombopag, romiplostim)
- Rituximab for refractory cases
- Splenectomy for chronic, medication-resistant ITP
Prevention
- No known prevention for ITP
- Avoid medications that impair platelet function unless directed by your doctor
When to See a Doctor
- Unexplained bruising or petechiae
- Bleeding from minor cuts doesn't stop
- Nosebleeds, gum bleeding, or blood in urine or stool
- Unusually heavy menstrual bleeding
Frequently Asked Questions
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