Sjögren's Syndrome
Also known as: Sjogren syndrome, Sicca syndrome
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the glands that produce moisture, primarily the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to dry mouth and dry eyes. It can occur alone (primary) or alongside other autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus (secondary). While there is no cure, symptom management can significantly improve quality of life.
Symptoms
Causes
- Autoimmune attack on moisture-producing glands
- Genetic predisposition
- Possible viral or environmental triggers
- Hormonal factors as it predominantly affects women
Risk Factors
- Female sex, occurring 9 times more often in women
- Age over 40
- Pre-existing autoimmune condition such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
- Family history of autoimmune diseases
Diagnosis
- Schirmer's test to measure tear production
- Blood tests for anti-SSA (Ro) and anti-SSB (La) antibodies
- Salivary gland biopsy
- Sialometry to measure saliva production
- Eye examination with slit lamp and dye staining
Treatment
- Artificial tears and eye lubricants for dry eyes
- Saliva stimulants such as pilocarpine or cevimeline
- Good dental hygiene and regular dental care
- Immunosuppressive therapy for systemic involvement
- Hydroxychloroquine for fatigue and joint symptoms
- Vaginal moisturizers for dryness
Prevention
- No known prevention
- Regular dental and eye care to minimize complications
- Staying hydrated and using humidifiers
When to See a Doctor
- Persistent dry eyes or dry mouth interfering with daily life
- Swollen salivary glands
- Joint pain with fatigue and dryness symptoms
- Rapid dental deterioration despite good oral hygiene
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Conditions
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