With modern treatments, the majority of people with lupus live a normal or near-normal lifespan. However, lupus can be life-threatening when it severely affects the kidneys, heart, or brain, making early treatment essential.

There is no cure for lupus, but treatment can effectively control symptoms and prevent organ damage. Many patients achieve remission with appropriate medication and lifestyle modifications.

Why does lupus primarily affect women?

The strong female predominance is thought to be related to the effects of estrogen on the immune system. Lupus often appears or worsens during reproductive years, pregnancy, or with use of hormonal contraceptives.

AutoimmuneICD-10: M32Affects approximately 200,000-300,000 people in the US, primarily women of childbearing age

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Also known as: Lupus, SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues and organs, potentially affecting the joints, skin, kidneys, brain, heart, and lungs. Lupus is characterized by periods of flares and remissions, and its symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for preventing organ damage.

Symptoms

Butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose

Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling

Fatigue and fever

Skin lesions that worsen with sun exposure

Raynaud's phenomenon with fingers turning white or blue in cold

Shortness of breath and chest pain

Dry eyes

Headaches, confusion, or memory loss

Hair loss

Mouth sores

Causes

Autoimmune dysfunction where the immune system attacks healthy tissue
Genetic predisposition with multiple gene variants contributing to risk
Hormonal factors, particularly estrogen
Environmental triggers including UV light, infections, and certain medications

Risk Factors

Female sex, with 9 out of 10 cases occurring in women
Age between 15 and 44 years
African American, Hispanic, and Asian descent
Family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases

Diagnosis

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
Anti-double-stranded DNA and anti-Smith antibody tests
Complete blood count and complement levels
Urinalysis and kidney function tests
Clinical evaluation using ACR or SLICC classification criteria

Treatment

NSAIDs for joint pain and inflammation
Antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine as a cornerstone of therapy
Corticosteroids for acute flares
Immunosuppressants such as mycophenolate or azathioprine
Biologic therapies such as belimumab
Sun protection to prevent flares

Prevention

No known prevention, but flares can be minimized
Strict sun protection with SPF 50+ sunscreen and protective clothing
Stress management and adequate rest
Medication adherence to maintain remission

When to See a Doctor

Unexplained rash, persistent fever, or prolonged fatigue
Joint pain and swelling affecting multiple joints
Chest pain or shortness of breath
Symptoms of kidney involvement such as foamy urine or swelling

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune

Sjögren's Syndrome

Autoimmune

Fibromyalgia

Musculoskeletal

Sarcoidosis

Autoimmune

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