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AutoimmuneICD-10: K90.0Affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide

Celiac Disease

Also known as: Celiac Sprue, Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy, Coeliac Disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the ingestion of gluten—a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye—triggers an immune response that damages the lining of the small intestine. This damage impairs nutrient absorption and can lead to a wide range of symptoms and long-term complications. The only effective treatment is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet.

Symptoms

Chronic diarrhea or constipation
Bloating and abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Fatigue and weakness
Unexplained weight loss
Iron-deficiency anemia unresponsive to supplements
Dermatitis herpetiformis (itchy, blistering skin rash)
Bone or joint pain
Mouth ulcers
Tingling or numbness in hands and feet

Causes

  • Autoimmune reaction triggered by gluten ingestion
  • Genetic predisposition (HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes)
  • Environmental factors that trigger onset (infections, surgery, pregnancy)

Risk Factors

  • Family history of celiac disease (10-15% risk in first-degree relatives)
  • Having another autoimmune condition (type 1 diabetes, thyroid disease)
  • Down syndrome or Turner syndrome
  • European ancestry (higher prevalence)

Diagnosis

  • Blood tests for tissue transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) antibodies
  • Endomysial antibody (EMA) testing
  • Upper endoscopy with duodenal biopsy showing villous atrophy
  • Genetic testing for HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8
  • Important: patient must be eating gluten at the time of testing

Treatment

  • Strict lifelong gluten-free diet
  • Nutritional supplements (iron, calcium, vitamin D, B vitamins)
  • Follow-up with a dietitian experienced in celiac disease
  • Monitoring for nutritional deficiencies and bone density
  • Treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis with dapsone if needed

Prevention

  • There is no known way to prevent celiac disease
  • Early diagnosis through screening of at-risk individuals reduces complications
  • Maintaining a strict gluten-free diet prevents intestinal damage

When to See a Doctor

  • You have persistent digestive symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, or weight loss
  • You have unexplained anemia or nutritional deficiencies
  • A family member has been diagnosed with celiac disease
  • Your child has poor growth, failure to thrive, or chronic diarrhea

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Crohn's Disease

Autoimmune

Anemia

Metabolic

Dermatitis

Dermatological

Type 1 Diabetes

Endocrine

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.