Panic Disorder
Also known as: Panic Attacks
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks — sudden surges of intense fear or discomfort that peak within minutes and are accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms. People with panic disorder live in persistent fear of future attacks and may develop avoidance behaviors that significantly limit their daily functioning. It affects about 2–3% of the population and is twice as common in women.
Symptoms
Causes
- Dysregulation of the amygdala and fear circuitry in the brain
- Genetic predisposition
- Major life stressors or traumatic events
- Imbalances in neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA)
Risk Factors
- Family history of panic disorder or anxiety disorders
- Female sex
- Major life transitions or stressful events
- History of childhood abuse or trauma
- Smoking and excessive caffeine intake
- Co-occurring depression or other anxiety disorders
Diagnosis
- Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria
- Physical examination and blood tests to rule out medical causes (thyroid, cardiac)
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) to exclude cardiac arrhythmias
- Psychological assessment and screening for comorbid conditions
Treatment
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) — first-line treatment
- SSRIs (sertraline, paroxetine, fluoxetine) or SNRIs (venlafaxine)
- Benzodiazepines for short-term acute relief (use with caution due to dependence risk)
- Interoceptive exposure therapy (gradual exposure to panic-like sensations)
- Breathing retraining and relaxation techniques
Prevention
- Regular physical exercise
- Stress management techniques (mindfulness, meditation)
- Limiting caffeine and alcohol
- Maintaining consistent sleep habits
- Early treatment of anxiety symptoms before they escalate
When to See a Doctor
- Recurrent panic attacks disrupting daily life
- Persistent fear of having another panic attack
- Avoidance of situations due to fear of panic attacks (developing agoraphobia)
- Symptoms of depression or suicidal thoughts
Frequently Asked Questions
Related Conditions
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