Lab result explainedUrinalysisLast updated November 10, 2026

Glucose in urine (glycosuria): what sugar in your urine means, with or without high blood sugar

Glucose in urine (glycosuria) · Urinalysis (dipstick); urine glucose · reported in Dipstick grades (negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+); quantitative urine glucose in mg/dL (some labs mmol/L); 24-hour urine glucose in mg or g per 24 hours

Glucose in urine (glycosuria or glucosuria) means sugar has been detected on the glucose pad of a urine dipstick or by a laboratory urine glucose test. Normally the result is negative: the kidneys filter glucose freely but reabsorb virtually all of it back into the blood, so urine contains less than about 15 mg/dL, below what a dipstick can detect. Glucose spills into the urine once blood sugar rises above the kidney's reabsorption capacity, the so-called renal threshold, which in most adults is about 160 to 180 mg/dL (8.9 to 10 mmol/L). Dipsticks report the result as negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+ or 4+, corresponding roughly to 100, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/dL or more.

The most common cause by far is diabetes, diagnosed or not: a positive urine glucose is still one of the ways type 2 diabetes is first picked up, and heavy glycosuria with ketones is the pattern of new type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis. Two increasingly common causes have nothing to do with high blood sugar. SGLT2 inhibitor drugs (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, ertugliflozin), prescribed for diabetes, heart failure and kidney disease, work by making the kidney excrete glucose deliberately, so a strongly positive urine glucose is expected on these medicines. And pregnancy lowers the renal threshold, so around half of pregnant women show glucose in the urine at some point without having gestational diabetes.

Glucose in urine but not in blood, the question many readers arrive with, has a short list of explanations: the blood test was taken fasting while the urine sample followed a sugary meal; pregnancy; SGLT2 inhibitors; benign renal glycosuria, an inherited condition in which the kidney's threshold is set low; or, rarely, a tubular disorder (Fanconi syndrome) in which other substances leak too. Urine glucose is a screening clue rather than a diagnosis; the next step is almost always a blood test, usually an A1C or fasting glucose, and in pregnancy a glucose tolerance test.

Glucose in urine (glycosuria) at a glance

What it is: glucose spilling into the urine, detected by a glucose oxidase pad on a dipstick (sensitive to about 50 to 100 mg/dL) or by a lab assay.
Normal: negative (urine glucose under about 15 mg/dL, or under 130 mg in 24 hours). Any positive result, including trace, is abnormal and is explained by a blood test.
Renal threshold: glucose appears in urine when blood glucose exceeds roughly 160–180 mg/dL; a 2+ to 4+ result usually means blood sugar has been well over 200 mg/dL.
Main causes: diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational), SGLT2 inhibitor medicines, pregnancy, benign renal glycosuria, and rarely Fanconi syndrome, Cushing's syndrome or acute stress.
Glucose in urine with normal blood sugar: pregnancy, SGLT2 inhibitors, renal glycosuria or a fasting blood test taken at a different time than the urine; it needs an A1C, not a urine recheck.
Next step: A1C or fasting glucose (an oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy), a check for ketones if 2+ or more, and review of medicines.

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What Glucose in urine (glycosuria) measures

Every day the kidneys filter about 180 g of glucose from the blood, and the proximal tubules reabsorb nearly all of it through two transporters, SGLT2 (which handles about 90 percent) and SGLT1. These transporters saturate at a filtered load that corresponds to a blood glucose of roughly 180 mg/dL, with a range of about 160 to 200 between individuals; above it, the excess passes into the urine. The threshold is lower in pregnancy (increased filtration and reduced tubular reabsorption), in children and in people with inherited SGLT2 variants, and higher in long-standing diabetes and with reduced kidney function, which is one reason urine glucose is unreliable for monitoring diabetes.

The dipstick pad uses glucose oxidase, which reacts only with glucose (not fructose, galactose or lactose) and produces hydrogen peroxide that changes a dye's color; the depth of color grades the result from trace to 4+. Brands differ, but a common scale is trace about 100 mg/dL, 1+ about 250, 2+ about 500, 3+ about 1,000 and 4+ 2,000 mg/dL or more. Laboratories can also measure urine glucose quantitatively, and a 24-hour collection is used occasionally to document renal glycosuria (which is defined by more than 500 mg a day with normal blood glucose). The copper-reduction (Clinitest) method, which detects any reducing sugar including galactose, is now used mainly in infants.

False negatives are more common than false positives. Large doses of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) interfere with the glucose oxidase reaction and can mask glucose; so can ketones in high concentration, very concentrated urine and bacteria in a sample left standing, which consume the glucose. False positives come from oxidising cleaners such as bleach or hydrogen peroxide contaminating the container. The dipstick reflects the hours since the bladder was last emptied, so a sample collected after a sugary meal can be positive when a fasting blood glucose taken earlier the same morning was normal.

Normal range for Glucose in urine (glycosuria)

Reference ranges vary between labs and by age, sex and pregnancy. Use the range printed on your own report.

Group	Typical range (Dipstick grades (negative, trace, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+); quantitative urine glucose in mg/dL (some labs mmol/L); 24-hour urine glucose in mg or g per 24 hours)	Notes
Negative (normal)	Below about 15 mg/dL on quantitative testing; dipstick negative	Expected in healthy adults, including after meals. Labs and dipstick brands differ in their lowest detectable level, usually 50 to 100 mg/dL.
Trace	About 100 mg/dL (some brands 50–100)	Any positive result is abnormal. Common after a very large carbohydrate load in a person with impaired glucose tolerance, in pregnancy, and on a low renal threshold. Repeat, and check an A1C or fasting glucose.
1+	About 250 mg/dL	Typically corresponds to a blood glucose that was over about 180–200 mg/dL at some point since the bladder was last emptied, unless the threshold is low (pregnancy, renal glycosuria) or an SGLT2 inhibitor is being taken.
2+	About 500 mg/dL	Suggests sustained hyperglycemia; check ketones on the same strip. Expected on SGLT2 inhibitors, which produce 2+ to 4+ readings regardless of blood sugar.
3+ to 4+	About 1,000 to 2,000 mg/dL or more	Marked glycosuria. With ketones, thirst, frequent urination, weight loss or vomiting this can be new type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis and needs same-day blood testing.
24-hour urine glucose	Below about 130 mg per 24 hours (below 0.5 g) normal; renal glycosuria is defined as more than 500 mg per 24 hours with normal blood glucose	Used to document familial renal glycosuria; losses on SGLT2 inhibitors are typically 50–80 g a day and are intended.
Pregnancy	Trace to 1+ is found in up to about half of pregnant women at some visit	Reflects a lower renal threshold, not gestational diabetes; all pregnant women are screened with a glucose challenge or tolerance test at 24 to 28 weeks regardless of urine results.

Positive urine glucose (glycosuria)

A positive urine glucose means that at some point since you last emptied your bladder, more glucose was filtered than the kidney could reabsorb. For most people that means blood glucose exceeded about 180 mg/dL, which is the kind of level seen after meals in undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes. The amount matters: a trace or 1+ reading on a sample taken after a sugary meal in someone with prediabetes is a mild and common finding, while 3+ or 4+ with ketones in someone who is thirsty, urinating frequently and losing weight is a medical emergency until a blood glucose proves otherwise. Urine glucose has largely been replaced by blood tests for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes, because the threshold varies between people and the urine cannot detect low blood sugar at all.

When blood glucose is normal, a positive urine test points to a low renal threshold. Pregnancy is the commonest setting; the kidney's glucose reabsorption falls and the filtered load rises from the second trimester, and glycosuria is seen at some visit in up to half of pregnancies. It is not diagnostic of gestational diabetes, which is tested for with a glucose challenge at 24 to 28 weeks whatever the urine shows, though repeated or heavy glycosuria early in pregnancy is a reason to test sooner. SGLT2 inhibitors produce the same picture by design, excreting 50 to 80 g of glucose a day, and a strongly positive dipstick on these drugs is simply evidence that the medicine is working.

Familial renal glycosuria is a benign inherited variation in the SGLT2 transporter (SLC5A2 gene) in which the threshold is set low, sometimes very low, and glucose appears in the urine at normal blood sugar throughout life; it needs no treatment and does not progress to diabetes. The rarer and more significant causes of glycosuria with normal blood glucose are tubular disorders in which other substances leak alongside glucose: Fanconi syndrome from drugs (tenofovir, ifosfamide, older tetracyclines, valproate), heavy metals, multiple myeloma or inherited conditions such as cystinosis and Wilson's disease, recognized by low blood phosphate, metabolic acidosis, amino acids and protein in the urine. Transient glycosuria can also follow a severe stress such as a heart attack, stroke, burns or major surgery, high-dose steroids, Cushing's syndrome, an overactive thyroid, pheochromocytoma and acute pancreatitis, all of which raise blood glucose temporarily.

Common causes

Type 2 diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed)
Post-meal blood glucose above 180 to 200 mg/dL spills glucose into the urine. About a fifth of US adults with diabetes do not know they have it, and a positive urine glucose on a routine or employment urinalysis is still a common route to diagnosis. Confirmed with an A1C of 6.5 percent or more, a fasting glucose of 126 mg/dL or more, or a 2-hour glucose tolerance value of 200 or more.
Type 1 diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis
Insulin deficiency produces heavy glycosuria (3+ to 4+) with ketones in the urine, thirst, frequent urination, weight loss and, in ketoacidosis, nausea, abdominal pain, deep rapid breathing and drowsiness. In children and young adults this combination needs a same-day blood glucose and blood gas.
SGLT2 inhibitor medicines
Empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, ertugliflozin and sotagliflozin block glucose reabsorption and intentionally excrete 50 to 80 g of glucose a day. The dipstick reads 2+ to 4+ at any blood sugar; this is expected and is not a reason to stop the drug, though it slightly raises the risk of genital yeast infections and urinary infections.
Pregnancy
Glomerular filtration rises by about half and tubular reabsorption of glucose falls, so the threshold drops; glycosuria appears in up to 50 percent of pregnancies at some visit, usually trace to 1+, and does not by itself mean gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is screened for with a 50 g glucose challenge or a 75 g tolerance test at 24 to 28 weeks.
Familial renal glycosuria
Inherited variants in the SLC5A2 gene lower or abolish SGLT2 function; glucose appears at normal blood sugar, sometimes at more than 10 g a day, from childhood onward. It is benign, affects well under 1 percent of people, and is diagnosed by documenting glycosuria with a normal A1C and glucose tolerance test and no other tubular losses.
Fanconi syndrome and other tubular damage
Generalised proximal tubule dysfunction leaks glucose together with phosphate, bicarbonate, amino acids, uric acid and low-molecular-weight proteins. Causes include tenofovir and ifosfamide, lead and cadmium, multiple myeloma light chains, cystinosis, Wilson's disease and some rare inherited disorders; the clue is a low phosphate, acidosis or bone pain alongside glycosuria.
Stress hyperglycemia and critical illness
Heart attack, stroke, sepsis, burns, major surgery and trauma raise cortisol and adrenaline, pushing blood glucose above the threshold in people without diabetes; the glycosuria resolves as the illness does, though about a third of such people turn out to have undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes on follow-up A1C.
Corticosteroids and other drugs
Prednisone, dexamethasone and high-dose inhaled or injected steroids raise blood glucose, particularly in the afternoon and evening; antipsychotics, tacrolimus, thiazides, niacin and some HIV drugs also raise it. Glycosuria appears when the drug-induced rise crosses the threshold.
Endocrine causes: Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma
Excess cortisol, thyroid hormone, growth hormone or catecholamines all raise blood glucose; glycosuria with weight gain and bruising, or with palpitations and weight loss, or with episodic headaches and sweating, points to one of these.
Alimentary (post-meal) glycosuria and sample timing
A very large carbohydrate load, rapid stomach emptying after gastric surgery, or a sample collected soon after a sugary drink can produce a brief trace to 1+ in people with impaired glucose tolerance whose fasting blood glucose is normal; this is the usual explanation for glucose in urine but not in a fasting blood test.

Symptoms that can go with it

None in mild or intermittent glycosuria, in pregnancy and in renal glycosuria; it is found on routine testing
Thirst, dry mouth and passing large volumes of urine, including at night, as glucose draws water into the urine
Unexplained weight loss, hunger and fatigue with undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes
Blurred vision and slow-healing cuts or infections
Recurrent genital yeast infections or urinary tract infections, which glucose in the urine encourages (also common on SGLT2 inhibitors)
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, deep rapid breathing, fruity breath or drowsiness, the signs of diabetic ketoacidosis
Bone pain, muscle weakness or kidney stones alongside glycosuria, which suggest a tubular disorder such as Fanconi syndrome

Read it alongside

Blood glucose (fasting or random) and A1C — the tests that actually diagnose diabetes; a positive urine glucose with a normal A1C points to a low renal threshold rather than hyperglycemia.
Ketones in urine — glucose plus ketones suggests insulin deficiency and, with symptoms, possible ketoacidosis; ketones alone on an SGLT2 inhibitor are also significant.
Urine specific gravity — glucose raises specific gravity; a high value with glycosuria indicates a concentrated, high-glucose urine.
Protein in urine and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio — albuminuria with glycosuria suggests established diabetic kidney disease; tubular proteinuria with glycosuria suggests Fanconi syndrome.
Leukocyte esterase and nitrite — glucose in the urine feeds bacteria, and urinary infection is more common in diabetes and on SGLT2 inhibitors.
Phosphorus and bicarbonate (blood) — low phosphate or a metabolic acidosis with glycosuria and normal blood glucose is the signature of a proximal tubular disorder.
Estimated average glucose and fructosamine — give the average blood sugar over the preceding weeks when the dipstick suggests intermittent high readings.
C-peptide and insulin — help distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetes when heavy glycosuria is found in a younger or lean adult.

What usually happens next

Any positive urine glucose, including trace, is followed by a blood test: an A1C and a fasting glucose for most adults, or a random glucose the same day if there are symptoms. A urine recheck on its own does not answer the question.
If the A1C and fasting glucose are normal and glycosuria persists, a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test looks for post-meal spikes; if that is normal too, the explanation is a low renal threshold, and a urine check for phosphate, amino acids and protein distinguishes benign renal glycosuria from Fanconi syndrome.
In pregnancy, glucose in the urine is noted but gestational diabetes is screened for with a glucose challenge test at 24 to 28 weeks regardless; persistent or heavy glycosuria before 24 weeks, a previous large baby or a strong family history may prompt earlier testing.
A 2+ or higher result with ketones, or with thirst, frequent urination, weight loss or vomiting, needs a same-day blood glucose and, if high, assessment for ketoacidosis.
If you take an SGLT2 inhibitor, a positive urine glucose is expected; it is worth telling anyone who tests your urine (occupational screening, insurance medicals, pregnancy checks) so the result is not misread.
Questions to ask: what was my A1C, was the urine sample taken fasting or after food, could any of my medicines explain it, and should ketones be checked.

Diet, lifestyle and natural levers with evidence

What can move Glucose in urine (glycosuria) once the cause is known. Nothing here replaces finding the cause.

Weight loss if overweight

Strong evidence

When glycosuria reflects type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, lowering blood glucose below the renal threshold removes it, and weight loss is the most powerful lever. In the DiRECT trial, a structured low-calorie diet program in primary care produced remission of type 2 diabetes (A1C under 6.5 percent off medication) in 46 percent of participants at one year and 36 percent at two years, with remission in 86 percent of those who lost 15 kg or more. In the Diabetes Prevention Program, 7 percent weight loss with 150 minutes of weekly activity cut progression from prediabetes to diabetes by 58 percent over 3 years.

Regular aerobic and resistance exercise

Strong evidence

Muscle takes up glucose independently of insulin during and after activity. A meta-analysis of 47 randomised trials found structured exercise lowered A1C by about 0.67 percentage points in type 2 diabetes, with the largest effect (around 0.9 points) from combined aerobic and resistance training of more than 150 minutes a week. A 10 to 15 minute walk after each meal blunts the post-meal glucose peak that most often produces glycosuria.

Carbohydrate quality and fiber

Moderate evidence

Replacing refined grains and sugar-sweetened drinks with intact whole grains, legumes, vegetables and fruit lowers post-meal glucose, the spikes that cross the renal threshold. A meta-analysis of 44 trials found that raising fiber intake by about 15 g a day lowered A1C by roughly 0.6 percentage points and fasting glucose by about 15 mg/dL in people with diabetes; Mediterranean and low-glycaemic-index patterns reduce A1C by 0.3 to 0.5 points in trials and sugar-sweetened beverage intake is the single dietary factor most strongly linked to new diabetes.

Berberine

Moderate evidence

Meta-analyses of randomised trials, mostly from China, report that berberine at 0.9 to 1.5 g a day for 2 to 4 months lowers A1C by about 0.7 percentage points and fasting glucose by around 15 to 20 mg/dL in type 2 diabetes, an effect comparable to metformin in head-to-head trials, through AMPK activation and improved insulin sensitivity. Trials are short and quality is mixed; it is an addition to, not a replacement for, prescribed treatment.

Causes constipation or diarrhea in some people, interacts with many drugs through CYP enzymes (including ciclosporin, some statins and anticoagulants), can add to the glucose-lowering effect of sulfonylureas and insulin, and should not be used in pregnancy or breastfeeding or given to newborns.

Cinnamon

Preliminary evidence

A meta-analysis of 10 randomised trials in type 2 diabetes found cinnamon (120 mg to 6 g a day for 4 to 18 weeks) lowered fasting glucose by about 25 mg/dL on average but did not significantly change A1C, and trial results are inconsistent. Any effect is small relative to diet, exercise and medication.

Cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, which can harm the liver at gram doses taken daily; Ceylon cinnamon contains far less. Nothing dietary changes glycosuria caused by SGLT2 inhibitors, pregnancy or renal glycosuria, and none of these needs treatment.

When to see a clinician promptly

Glucose in the urine with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, deep or rapid breathing, fruity-smelling breath, confusion or drowsiness: possible diabetic ketoacidosis, which is life-threatening; go to an emergency department.
Glucose in the urine in a child, teenager or young adult with thirst, frequent urination, weight loss or tiredness: possible new type 1 diabetes, which needs a same-day blood glucose.
A 2+ or higher urine glucose on any occasion, or a positive result with ketones, in someone not taking an SGLT2 inhibitor.
Any positive urine glucose that has not been followed by an A1C or fasting glucose, including trace results and results during pregnancy.
Glucose in the urine with normal blood sugar plus bone pain, muscle weakness, kidney stones or a low phosphate, which suggest a tubular disorder needing investigation.
Repeated urinary or genital yeast infections, blurred vision or wounds that will not heal, which point to sustained high blood sugar whatever the urine shows.

Frequently asked questions

What does glucose in urine mean?

It means blood glucose rose above the kidney's reabsorption limit, about 180 mg/dL, at some point since you last emptied your bladder, or that your kidney's limit is set lower than usual. The first is typical of undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes; the second occurs in pregnancy, on SGLT2 inhibitor medicines and in benign renal glycosuria. Normal urine contains no detectable glucose, so any positive result, including trace, is followed up with a blood test, usually an A1C.

What causes glucose in urine but not in blood?

Usually one of four things: pregnancy, which lowers the renal threshold; an SGLT2 inhibitor (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin), which deliberately excretes glucose; familial renal glycosuria, a harmless inherited low threshold; or timing, where a fasting blood test was normal but the urine was collected after a sugary meal that briefly pushed glucose over the limit. Rarely it is Fanconi syndrome, in which the kidney tubules leak phosphate and other substances too. An A1C and, if needed, a glucose tolerance test sort these out.

Is trace glucose in urine something to worry about?

Trace is the lowest positive reading, about 100 mg/dL on most strips, and it is often seen after a large carbohydrate meal in someone with prediabetes, in pregnancy, and occasionally in healthy people after unusually sugary drinks. It is not an emergency, but because normal urine contains no detectable glucose it is not ignored either: the usual follow-up is an A1C or fasting glucose. If those are normal and there are no symptoms, nothing more is needed.

Is glucose in urine during pregnancy normal?

Often, yes. Pregnancy raises kidney filtration by about half and lowers glucose reabsorption, so trace to 1+ glycosuria is found at some visit in up to half of pregnant women and does not by itself mean gestational diabetes. All pregnant women are screened for gestational diabetes with a glucose challenge or tolerance test at 24 to 28 weeks regardless of urine results; persistent 2+ or higher glycosuria, or glycosuria before 24 weeks with risk factors, is a reason to test earlier. Glucose in the urine does not harm the baby; high blood glucose can.

At what blood sugar level does glucose appear in urine?

At about 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) in most adults, with a normal range of roughly 160 to 200. The threshold is lower in pregnancy and in children, and higher in older people and in long-standing diabetes with reduced kidney function, which is why someone can have a blood glucose of 220 and a negative dipstick, or a blood glucose of 150 and a trace result. This variability is the main reason urine glucose is no longer used to monitor diabetes.

Can I have glucose in my urine without diabetes?

Yes. Pregnancy, SGLT2 inhibitor drugs, benign renal glycosuria, a severe illness or surgery (stress hyperglycemia), high-dose steroids, an overactive thyroid, Cushing's syndrome and Fanconi syndrome all cause glycosuria without diabetes, as can a sample collected after an unusually sugary meal in someone with impaired glucose tolerance. The test that decides is a blood A1C or fasting glucose; if these are normal, the urine finding is from a low threshold and, apart from Fanconi syndrome, needs no treatment.

Why is my urine glucose positive on empagliflozin, dapagliflozin or Jardiance?

Because that is how the drug works. SGLT2 inhibitors block the kidney transporter that reabsorbs glucose, so 50 to 80 g of glucose a day is excreted in the urine whatever the blood sugar, and a dipstick will read 2+ to 4+. This is expected and is the mechanism that lowers A1C, weight and blood pressure and protects the heart and kidneys. It is worth telling anyone who tests your urine. The one caution is that ketones in the urine or blood on these drugs can signal euglycemic ketoacidosis, which needs attention even if glucose is normal.

What is a normal urine glucose level?

Negative on a dipstick, which means below the strip's detection limit of about 50 to 100 mg/dL; on a quantitative laboratory test, under about 15 mg/dL, and on a 24-hour collection under about 130 mg (0.5 g) a day. Healthy kidneys reabsorb essentially all filtered glucose, so there is no 'normal range' of positive values. Dipstick brands differ in how they grade trace to 4+, so the mg/dL equivalents printed on the bottle or report are the ones to use.

References

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Urinalysis. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine (2022)View source
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Renal glucosuria. Merck Manual Professional Version (2024)
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Standards of Care in Diabetes 2025: diagnosis and classification of diabetes. Diabetes Care (2025)
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Gestational diabetes mellitus: ACOG practice bulletin no. 190. Obstetrics & Gynecology (2018)
Santer R, Calado J. Familial renal glucosuria and SGLT2: from a Mendelian trait to a therapeutic target. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2010)
Lean MEJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al.. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet (2018)
Umpierre D, Ribeiro PAB, Kramer CK, et al.. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA (2011)
Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, et al.. Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015)
Allen RW, Schwartzman E, Baker WL, Coleman CI, Phung OJ. Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Family Medicine (2013)
Diabetes tests and diagnosis. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2022)View source

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This page is educational and is not medical advice or a diagnosis. Lab results have to be interpreted together with your history, symptoms and other results by a clinician who knows you. Do not start or stop a supplement to change a lab value before the cause is known.