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DigestiveICD-10: K21.0Affects approximately 20% of the U.S. population

Acid Reflux (Heartburn)

Also known as: Heartburn, GERD, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Acid Indigestion

Acid reflux occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest commonly known as heartburn. When acid reflux happens frequently—more than twice a week—it may be diagnosed as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Chronic acid reflux can damage the esophageal lining and increase the risk of complications such as Barrett's esophagus and esophageal strictures.

Symptoms

Burning sensation in the chest (heartburn), especially after eating
Regurgitation of sour or bitter-tasting acid into the throat
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Sensation of a lump in the throat
Chronic cough or hoarseness
Bloating and nausea
Worsening symptoms when lying down or bending over
Chest pain that may mimic a heart attack

Causes

  • Weakened or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
  • Hiatal hernia pushing stomach acid into the esophagus
  • Increased abdominal pressure from obesity or pregnancy
  • Delayed stomach emptying (gastroparesis)
  • Excess stomach acid production

Risk Factors

  • Obesity or being overweight
  • Pregnancy
  • Smoking or regular exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Eating large meals or lying down shortly after eating
  • Consuming trigger foods such as spicy, fatty, or acidic foods
  • Regular use of aspirin, ibuprofen, or certain muscle relaxants

Diagnosis

  • Upper endoscopy (EGD) to examine the esophagus and stomach
  • Ambulatory acid (pH) probe test to measure acid levels over 24-48 hours
  • Esophageal manometry to assess LES function and esophageal motility
  • Barium swallow X-ray to visualize the upper digestive tract

Treatment

  • Over-the-counter antacids (Tums, Maalox) for immediate relief
  • H2-receptor blockers (famotidine, ranitidine) to reduce acid production
  • Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole) for long-term management
  • Lifestyle modifications including weight loss and dietary changes
  • Surgical fundoplication for severe, medication-resistant cases
  • LINX device implantation to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter

Prevention

  • Maintain a healthy weight to reduce abdominal pressure
  • Avoid eating 2-3 hours before lying down
  • Elevate the head of your bed by 6-8 inches
  • Limit or avoid trigger foods such as caffeine, alcohol, and citrus
  • Eat smaller, more frequent meals instead of large ones
  • Quit smoking to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter

When to See a Doctor

  • Heartburn occurs more than twice a week for several weeks
  • Over-the-counter medications no longer control your symptoms
  • You experience difficulty swallowing, unintended weight loss, or persistent vomiting
  • You have chest pain, especially with shortness of breath or jaw/arm pain

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

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Related from the Supplement Library

Slippery Elm

Preliminary

Herb · GI tract soothing and protection

Licorice Root (DGL)

Moderate

Herb · Gut lining support and mucosal healing (DGL)

Ginger

Strong

Herb · Anti-nausea (motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy)

Probiotics (Lactobacillus)

Strong

Probiotic · Gut microbiome balance and diversity

These supplements have been studied in relation to Acid Reflux (Heartburn). Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement, especially if you take medications.

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.