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MusculoskeletalICD-10: G56.00Affects 3-6% of the general population

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Also known as: CTS, Median Nerve Compression, Carpal Tunnel

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition caused by compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel, a narrow passageway in the wrist. It causes numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and is one of the most common nerve entrapment disorders. Early treatment with splinting and activity modification can prevent permanent nerve damage.

Symptoms

Numbness or tingling in the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers
Pain in the wrist, hand, or forearm
Weakness in the hand, difficulty gripping objects
Symptoms that worsen at night and may wake you from sleep
Sensation of swollen fingers even when no swelling is present
Dropping objects due to decreased grip strength

Causes

  • Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel
  • Swelling of tendons in the carpal tunnel narrowing the space
  • Repetitive hand and wrist movements
  • Wrist fractures or dislocations that alter carpal tunnel anatomy

Risk Factors

  • Repetitive hand activities (typing, assembly line work)
  • Female sex (carpal tunnel is narrower in women)
  • Pregnancy (fluid retention causes swelling)
  • Diabetes, hypothyroidism, and rheumatoid arthritis
  • Obesity
  • Wrist anatomy variations

Diagnosis

  • Physical examination (Tinel's sign, Phalen's maneuver)
  • Nerve conduction studies to measure electrical activity
  • Electromyography (EMG) to assess muscle function
  • Wrist X-ray or ultrasound to rule out structural causes

Treatment

  • Wrist splinting, especially at night
  • NSAIDs for pain relief
  • Corticosteroid injections to reduce swelling
  • Activity modification and ergonomic adjustments
  • Physical or occupational therapy
  • Carpal tunnel release surgery for severe or persistent cases

Prevention

  • Take frequent breaks during repetitive hand activities
  • Keep wrists in a neutral position while typing
  • Use ergonomic keyboards and mouse pads
  • Perform hand and wrist stretching exercises regularly
  • Treat underlying conditions (diabetes, thyroid disorders)

When to See a Doctor

  • Hand numbness or tingling is persistent or worsening
  • You have difficulty gripping objects or weakness in your hand
  • Symptoms interfere with sleep or daily activities
  • You notice muscle wasting at the base of your thumb

Frequently Asked Questions

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.