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Mental HealthICD-10: F53.0Affects about 1 in 7 new mothers (approximately 600,000 women annually in the US)

Postpartum Depression

Also known as: PPD, Perinatal Depression, Postnatal Depression

Postpartum depression is a serious mood disorder that can develop after childbirth, typically within the first few weeks to months but sometimes up to a year postpartum. It goes beyond the 'baby blues' and involves persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, exhaustion, and difficulty bonding with the baby. PPD affects approximately 1 in 7 new mothers and can also occur in fathers and adoptive parents.

Symptoms

Persistent sadness, hopelessness, or feeling empty
Excessive crying
Difficulty bonding with the baby
Withdrawal from family and friends
Loss of appetite or overeating
Insomnia or sleeping too much
Overwhelming fatigue or loss of energy
Intense irritability or anger
Feelings of worthlessness, shame, or guilt
Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
Severe anxiety or panic attacks
Thoughts of harming yourself or the baby

Causes

  • Dramatic drop in estrogen and progesterone after delivery
  • Thyroid hormone changes
  • Sleep deprivation and physical recovery from childbirth
  • Psychological adjustment to parenthood
  • Genetic predisposition to mood disorders

Risk Factors

  • History of depression or anxiety (during or before pregnancy)
  • Previous postpartum depression
  • Lack of social support
  • Stressful life events during pregnancy or postpartum period
  • Complications during pregnancy or delivery
  • Baby with health problems or special needs

Diagnosis

  • Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) screening — score ≥10 suggests possible PPD
  • Clinical interview assessing mood, functioning, and safety
  • PHQ-9 or other standardized depression scales
  • Thyroid function tests to rule out hypothyroidism

Treatment

  • Psychotherapy (CBT and interpersonal therapy are most effective)
  • Antidepressant medications (SSRIs safe during breastfeeding: sertraline, paroxetine)
  • Brexanolone (Zulresso) — IV infusion specifically approved for PPD
  • Zuranolone (Zurzuvae) — first oral medication specifically for PPD
  • Peer support groups and partner/family involvement
  • Ensuring adequate sleep, nutrition, and self-care

Prevention

  • Screening during pregnancy and postpartum visits
  • Identifying and supporting high-risk individuals early
  • Building a strong social support network before delivery
  • Planning for help with the baby and household tasks

When to See a Doctor

  • Depressive symptoms lasting more than 2 weeks after delivery
  • Difficulty caring for yourself or your baby
  • Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby (emergency)
  • Baby blues that worsen rather than improve after 2 weeks

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Depression

Mental Health

Miscarriage

Reproductive

Preeclampsia

Reproductive

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Medical Disclaimer: This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider.

Content reviewed against peer-reviewed medical literature and clinical guidelines. Read our editorial standards.