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RespiratoryICD-10: J32Affects approximately 29 million adults in the US annually

Sinusitis

Also known as: Sinus infection, Rhinosinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses, the air-filled cavities in the face, leading to mucus buildup and difficulty breathing through the nose. It can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, as well as allergies. Acute sinusitis typically resolves within a few weeks, while chronic sinusitis lasts 12 weeks or longer.

Symptoms

Facial pain or pressure especially around the forehead, cheeks, and eyes
Nasal congestion and difficulty breathing through the nose
Thick yellow or green nasal discharge
Reduced sense of smell and taste
Post-nasal drip causing cough or sore throat
Headache
Fatigue
Bad breath
Ear pressure or fullness

Causes

  • Viral upper respiratory infections
  • Bacterial secondary infection
  • Allergic rhinitis causing sinus inflammation
  • Nasal polyps blocking sinus drainage
  • Deviated nasal septum

Risk Factors

  • Frequent upper respiratory infections
  • Allergies affecting the sinuses
  • Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Structural nasal abnormalities
  • Weakened immune system

Diagnosis

  • Physical examination and assessment of symptoms
  • Nasal endoscopy to visualize the sinus passages
  • CT scan for chronic or recurrent sinusitis
  • Allergy testing if allergic sinusitis is suspected
  • Nasal cultures in refractory cases

Treatment

  • Saline nasal irrigation and steam inhalation
  • Decongestant nasal sprays for short-term use
  • Intranasal corticosteroid sprays to reduce inflammation
  • Antibiotics if a bacterial infection is confirmed
  • Antihistamines for allergy-related sinusitis
  • Endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic refractory cases

Prevention

  • Frequent handwashing to prevent viral infections
  • Managing allergies with appropriate medications
  • Using a humidifier to keep nasal passages moist
  • Avoiding smoking and air pollutants

When to See a Doctor

  • Symptoms lasting more than 10 days without improvement
  • High fever accompanying sinus symptoms
  • Severe headache or swelling around the eyes
  • Recurrent episodes of sinusitis

Frequently Asked Questions

Related Conditions

Allergic Rhinitis

Respiratory

Common Cold

Infectious

Asthma

Respiratory

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